There are differences in how graphics rendering behaves between different graphics APIs. Most of the time the Unity Editor hides the differences, but there are some situations where Unity can’t do this for you.

Check floating point exception handling

Desktop platforms and mobile platforms can handle exceptions differently during floating point operations such as division by zero. Exceptions can result in NaN, zero, or another value. Test your shadersA program that runs on the GPU. More info
See in Glossary on the different platforms you target.

Use consistent semantics

Use the following semantics to ensure shaders work on all platforms:

• SV_POSITION instead of POSITION for the position the vertex shaderA program that runs on each vertex of a 3D model when the model is being rendered. More info
  See in Glossary outputs.
• SV_Target instead of COLOR or COLOR0 for the output of the fragment shader.
• PSIZE if you render meshes as points. For example, set PSIZE to 1. This avoids some platforms like Metal reading point size as undefined.

For more information about semantics, refer to High-Level Shader Language (HLSL) semantics reference.

Use const for constants

Don’t use const for values that come from outside the shader or that you calculate at runtime, as this only works in HLSL, not OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL). Use const only for compile-time constants.

Avoid mismatched buffer layouts

If you use the standard HLSL cbuffer type, or Unity’s CBUFFERSTART and CBUFFEREND macros, a float3 might become a float4, or a float might become a float2.

To ensure all graphics APIs compile a buffer with the same data layout, do the following:

• Use float4 and float4x4 instead of float3 and float3x3, because float4 variables are the same size on all graphics APIs, while float3 variables can become a different size on some graphics APIs.
• Declare variables in decreasing size order, for example float4 then float2 then float, so all graphics APIs structure the data in the same way.

For example:

cbuffer myConstantBuffer {
    float4x4 matWorld;
    float4 vObjectPosition; // Uses a float4 instead of a float3
    float arrayIndex;
}

Note: You can’t add structs to constant buffers.

Handle reversed coordinate spaces

DirectX, Metal, and Vulkan use different coordinate systems to other graphics APIs. To make sure shaders work correctly on all platforms, adjust your code to handle reversed textures.

To check for reversed textures, use pre-processor conditionals like #if and #ifdef with Unity’s built-in macros or methods.

Check for upside-down render textures

If you sample a render textureA special type of Texture that is created and updated at runtime. To use them, first create a new Render Texture and designate one of your Cameras to render into it. Then you can use the Render Texture in a Material just like a regular Texture. More info
See in Glossary at (0,0), DirectX, Metal, and Vulkan return the top-left of the texture. Other graphics APIs return the bottom-left of the texture. Unity handles this internally for most render textures by flipping render textures upside-down internally where needed, so coordinates you use return the same texels on all platforms.

To check if the current platform uses reversed coordinates for render textures, use either of the following methods:

• Check if Unity defines UNITY_UV_STARTS_AT_TOP, which means the graphics API uses (0,0) for the top-left of the texture.

  For example, to check for reversed render textures then flip vertical uv coordinates:

  #if UNITY_UV_STARTS_AT_TOP
      if (_MainTex_TexelSize.y < 0)
          uv.y = 1-uv.y;
  #endif
  

• Check the built-in ProjectionParams.x variable. If the value is -1, Unity flipped the render texture, so you must also flip vertical UV coordinates.

Note: If you use GrabPass in the Built-In Render PipelineA series of operations that take the contents of a Scene, and displays them on a screen. Unity lets you choose from pre-built render pipelines, or write your own. More info
See in Glossary, Unity might not reverse the texture. To calculate the coordinates to use to sample the texture, use the ComputeGrabScreenPos method. For more information, refer to Use built-in shader functions in the Built-In Render Pipeline.

Check for reversed depth direction

The direction of depth in clip space, the depth bufferA memory store that holds the z-value depth of each pixel in an image, where the z-value is the depth for each rendered pixel from the projection plane. More info
See in Glossary, and depth textures is different depending on the graphics API you target.

Coordinate space	Z coordinate in DirectX, Metal, and Vulkan	Z coordinate in OpenGL ES and WebGLA JavaScript API that renders 2D and 3D graphics in a web browser. The Unity Web build option allows Unity to publish content as JavaScript programs which use HTML5 technologies and the WebGL rendering API to run Unity content in a web browser. More info See in Glossary
Depth buffer and depth textures	1.0 near to 0.0 far	0.0 near to 1.0 far
Clip space	1.0 near to 0.0 far	-1.0 near to 1.0 far

Use the following in custom HLSL code to handle these differences:

• Use SystemInfo.usesReversedZBuffer to check if the graphics API uses 1.0 to 0.0 for depth.

• Check if Unity defines UNITY_REVERSED_Z, which means the graphics API uses 1.0 to 0.0 for depth, then flip the z value.

  For example, in the Built-In Render Pipeline:

  float z = tex2D(_CameraDepthTexture, uv);
  #if defined(UNITY_REVERSED_Z)
      z = 1.0f - z;
  #endif
  

You might also need to flip depth bias values if you use a code rendering plug-inA set of code created outside of Unity that creates functionality in Unity. There are two kinds of plug-ins you can use in Unity: Managed plug-ins (managed .NET assemblies created with tools like Visual Studio) and Native plug-ins (platform-specific native code libraries). More info
See in Glossary.

For more macros that help with depth, refer to Shader methods in the Built-In Render Pipeline or Shader methods in the Universal Render Pipeline (URP).

Compiling on DirectX platforms

If you target the DirectX graphics API, the compiler is stricter than other compilers. Check the following:

• Set all the components of a vector. For example, if you declare a float4, ensure you set all four components.
• Don’t use the tex2D method in the vertex shader. Instead, use the tex2Dlod method to sample a specific mip level, and use #pragma target 3.0 to ensure compatibility.
• If you use a vertex shader with an out parameter in a surface shaderA streamlined way of writing shaders for the Built-in Render Pipeline. More info
  See in Glossary, initialize the output using the UNITY_INITIALIZE_OUTPUT macro.

Additional resources

• Use 16-bit precision in shaders.
• Platform development