.. opcode:: RAISE_VARARGS (argc)

Raises an exception. *argc* indicates the number of parameters to the raise

Raises an exception. *argc* indicates the number of arguments to the raise

statement, ranging from 0 to 3. The handler will find the traceback as TOS2,

the parameter as TOS1, and the exception as TOS.

.. opcode:: CALL_FUNCTION (argc)

Calls a function. *argc* indicates the number of positional arguments.

The positional arguments are on the stack, with the right-most argument

on top. Below the arguments, the function object to call is on the stack.

Pops all function arguments, and the function itself off the stack, and

pushes the return value.

Calls a callable object with positional arguments.

*argc* indicates the number of positional arguments.

The top of the stack contains positional arguments, with the right-most

argument on top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call.

``CALL_FUNCTION`` pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,

calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value

returned by the callable object.

.. versionchanged:: 3.6

This opcode is used only for calls with positional arguments.

.. opcode:: CALL_FUNCTION_KW (argc)

Calls a function. *argc* indicates the number of arguments (positional

and keyword). The top element on the stack contains a tuple of keyword

argument names. Below the tuple, keyword arguments are on the stack, in

the order corresponding to the tuple. Below the keyword arguments, the

positional arguments are on the stack, with the right-most parameter on

top. Below the arguments, the function object to call is on the stack.

Pops all function arguments, and the function itself off the stack, and

pushes the return value.

Calls a callable object with positional (if any) and keyword arguments.

*argc* indicates the total number of positional and keyword arguments.

The top element on the stack contains a tuple of keyword argument names.

Below that are keyword arguments in the order corresponding to the tuple.

Below that are positional arguments, with the right-most parameter on

top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call.

``CALL_FUNCTION_KW`` pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,

calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value

returned by the callable object.

.. versionchanged:: 3.6

Keyword arguments are packed in a tuple instead of a dictionary,

*argc* indicates the total number of arguments

*argc* indicates the total number of arguments.

.. opcode:: CALL_FUNCTION_EX (flags)

Calls a function. The lowest bit of *flags* indicates whether the

var-keyword argument is placed at the top of the stack. Below the

var-keyword argument, the var-positional argument is on the stack.

Below the arguments, the function object to call is placed.

Pops all function arguments, and the function itself off the stack, and

pushes the return value. Note that this opcode pops at most three items

from the stack. Var-positional and var-keyword arguments are packed

by :opcode:`BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL` and

:opcode:`BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL`.

Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword

arguments. If the lowest bit of *flags* is set, the top of the stack

contains a mapping object containing additional keyword arguments.

Below that is an iterable object containing positional arguments and

a callable object to call. :opcode:`BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL` and

:opcode:`BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL` can be used for merging multiple

mapping objects and iterables containing arguments.

Before the callable is called, the mapping object and iterable object

are each "unpacked" and their contents passed in as keyword and

positional arguments respectively.

``CALL_FUNCTION_EX`` pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,

calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value

returned by the callable object.

.. versionadded:: 3.6

Pushes a new function object on the stack. From bottom to top, the consumed

stack must consist of values if the argument carries a specified flag value

* ``0x01`` a tuple of default argument objects in positional order

* ``0x01`` a tuple of default values for positional-only and

positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order

* ``0x02`` a dictionary of keyword-only parameters' default values

* ``0x04`` an annotation dictionary

* ``0x08`` a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a closure

.. data:: hasconst

Sequence of bytecodes that have a constant parameter.

Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.

.. data:: hasfree