[C API] Prepare the C API to make PyThreadState opaque: add getter functions

BPO	39947
Nosy	@vstinner, @fabioz, @markshannon, @ericsnowcurrently, @iritkatriel
PRs	bpo-39947: Hide implementation detail of trashcan macros #18971 bpo-39947: Move Py_EnterRecursiveCall() to internal C API #18972 bpo-39947: Move get_recursion_depth() to _testinternalcapi #18974 bpo-39947: Use _PyInterpreterState_GET_UNSAFE() #18978 bpo-39947: Add PyInterpreterState_Get() function #18979 bpo-39947: Add PyThreadState_GetInterpreter() #18981 bpo-39947: Add PyThreadState_GetFrame() function #19092 bpo-39947: Use PyThreadState_GetFrame() #19159 bpo-39947: Add _PyThreadState_GetDict() #19160 bpo-39947: Add PyThreadState_GetID() function #19163 Add symbols of the stable ABI to python3dll.c #23598 [3.9] bpo-42415: Add symbols of the stable ABI to python3dll.c (GH-23598) #23801 bpo-39947: revert incorrect change to a comment #26788 bpo-39947: Remove old private trashcan C API functions #26869 bpo-39947: Add PyThreadState_SetTrace() function #29121

^{Note: these values reflect the state of the issue at the time it was migrated and might not reflect the current state.}

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GitHub fields:

assignee = None
closed_at = None
created_at = <Date 2020-03-12.17:46:54.454>
labels = ['expert-C-API', '3.11']
title = '[C API] Make the PyThreadState structure opaque (move it to the internal C API)'
updated_at = <Date 2022-04-06.13:20:11.746>
user = 'https://github.com/vstinner'

bugs.python.org fields:

activity = <Date 2022-04-06.13:20:11.746>
actor = 'vstinner'
assignee = 'none'
closed = False
closed_date = None
closer = None
components = ['C API']
creation = <Date 2020-03-12.17:46:54.454>
creator = 'vstinner'
dependencies = []
files = []
hgrepos = []
issue_num = 39947
keywords = ['patch']
message_count = 25.0
messages = ['364034', '364078', '364080', '364083', '364084', '364103', '364108', '364111', '364113', '364124', '364591', '364674', '365011', '365021', '365022', '370589', '372319', '382551', '383169', '383210', '390054', '396421', '402368', '403816', '416868']
nosy_count = 5.0
nosy_names = ['vstinner', 'fabioz', 'Mark.Shannon', 'eric.snow', 'iritkatriel']
pr_nums = ['18971', '18972', '18974', '18978', '18979', '18981', '19092', '19159', '19160', '19163', '23598', '23801', '26788', '26869', '29121']
priority = 'normal'
resolution = None
stage = 'patch review'
status = 'open'
superseder = None
type = None
url = 'https://bugs.python.org/issue39947'
versions = ['Python 3.11']