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The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review - PubMed

Review

The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review

Sophie Docherty et al. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. .

Abstract

The physiological effects of physical exercise are ubiquitously reported as beneficial to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Exercise is widely promoted by medical professionals to aid both physical and emotional wellbeing; however, mechanisms through which this is achieved are less well understood. Despite numerous beneficial attributes, certain types of exercise can inflict significant significant physiological stress. Several studies document a key relationship between exercise and immune activation. Activation of the innate immune system occurs in response to exercise and it is proposed this is largely mediated by cytokine signalling. Cytokines are typically classified according to their inflammatory properties and evidence has shown that cytokines expressed in response to exercise are diverse and may act to propagate, modulate or mitigate inflammation in musculoskeletal health. The review summarizes the existing literature on the relationship between exercise and the immune system with emphasis on how exercise-induced cytokine expression modulates inflammation and the immune response.

Keywords: Cytokines; Exercise; Inflammation; Osteoarthritis; Tendinopathy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Illustration of the actions of exercise-derived IL-6 on local and systemic metabolism

Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Illustration of circulating cytokines released in response to exercise

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