Procopius of Caesarea (ca. 500-560 CE), one of the last major historians of the Ancient World, chronicled the wars between the Romans and the Sasanian Empire in the Age of Justinian, which ultimately led to the demise of both powers. This study focuses, besides Procopius’ report of political and cultural contacts and military conflicts between the two great powers of Late Antiquity, mainly on his descriptions of Persia and the Persians: What was known in the Later Roman Empire about these Eastern neighbors, and which factors influenced Procopius’ descriptions?