Surface roughness and soil moisture are two important factors that affect SAR backscattering from a bare agricultural field (Dobson 1981; Ulaby 1979; CASB 2000).

[36] trained neural networks using a backscattering coefficients database simulated from the IEM and WCM for a wide range of soil parameters; a real database composed of SAR, optical, and in situ measurements was used to validate the developed neural networks, and the results indicated a soil moisture estimation accuracy of 2-5 vol.%.

Russell, "Lidar measurement of particles and gases by elastic backscattering and differential absorption," in Laser Monitoring of the Atmosphere, E.

backscattering coefficient as a function of radar frequency) are presenting, ultimately yielding to 3D rough surface characterization from backscattered SAR radar data.

The backscatter communication part includes the RF front-end block for detecting the Wi-Fi packet power envelope and backscattering the Wi-Fi signal and the digital baseband block for decoding/encoding the data and controlling the system.

Full-thickness corneal backscatter evaluation showed the measured maximum optical backscattering intensities on a densitogram on a relative scale from 0 to 100 (0 = no clouding, 100 = tissue completely opaque).

Amsler, "Comparison of acoustic backscattering techniques for suspended sediments investigation," Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, vol.

It lets battery-free gadgets connect with conventional devices such as computers and smartphones by backscattering Wi-Fi signals.

Therefore, to obtain a fundamental knowledge for estimating soil moisture with the PALSAR, we aimed in this study to establish a relationship between backscattering coefficients measured with the single polarization mode of PALSAR and volumetric water content, in small-scale farmlands.

Backscattering from Multiscale Rough Surfaces With Application to Wind Scatterometry

The backscattering coefficient has been simulated for 1nm 5nm and 10nm nanowire radius.

Among animal bone models, few studies (27) have explored the use of QUS to quantify reflection and backscattering from the bones of Wistar rat models in vivo, which are the most similar to human bones.

The [[gamma].sub.co] shows an inverse relation to the radar-interpreted roughness in a manner consistent with Bragg and Integral Equation Model (IEM) surface backscattering models [48].

We have found that vendor-specific implementations of x-ray backscattering systems have resulted in dose distributions that differ from the inverse square law, as well as from each other.

Algorithms based on the backscattering intensity of different polarization channels and various polarimetric target decomposition parameters were developed for those applications.