‌‌‌ad-
To, near, at.

1. 1. at; atone, twit, from Old English æt, near, by, at;
   2. ado, from Old Norse at. Both a and b from Germanic *at.
2. ad-, -ad; adjuvant, aid, amount, paramount, from Latin ad, ad‑, to, toward.
3. Celtic *ad‑, to, at, in compound *to-ad-ni-sed‑ (see sed-).

[Pokorny 1. ad‑ 3.]

‌‌ag-
To drive, draw, move. Oldest form *ag̑‑, becoming *ag‑ in centum languages.
Derivatives include agony, ambiguous, demagogue, essay, and squat.

1. act, active, actor, actual, actuary, actuate, agendum, agent, agile, agitate; allege, ambage, ambiguous, assay, cache, coagulum, cogent, essay, exact, exacta, examine, exigent, exiguous, fumigate, fustigate, intransigent, levigate, litigate, navigate, objurgate, prodigal, redact, retroactive, squat, transact, variegate, from Latin agere, to do, act, drive, conduct, lead, weigh.
2. -agogue, agony; anagoge, antagonize, choragus, demagogue, epact, glucagon, hypnagogic, mystagogue, pedagogue, protagonist, stratagem, synagogue, from Greek agein, to drive, lead, weigh.
3. Suffixed form *ag-to‑. ambassador, embassage, embassy, from Latin ambactus, servant, from Celtic *amb(i)-ag-to‑, "one who goes around" (*ambi, around; see ambhi).
4. Suffixed form *ag-ti‑, whence adjective *ag-ty-o‑, "weighty." axiom; axiology, chronaxie, from Greek axios, worth, worthy, of like value, weighing as much.
5. Possibly suffixed form *ag-ro‑, driving, pursuing, grabbing. pellagra, podagra, from Greek agrā, a seizing.
6. O-grade suffixed form *og-mo‑, furrow, track, metaphorically "incised line." ogham, from Old Irish Ogma (from Celtic *Ogmios), name of a Celtic god and traditional inventor of the ogham alphabet.

[Pokorny ag̑‑ 4.]
See also derivative agro-.

‌‌agh-
A day (considered as a span of time). Oldest form *ag̑h‑, becoming *agh‑ in centum languages.

1. day; daisy, today, from Old English dæg, day;
2. Landtag, from Old High German tag, day;
3. dawn, from Old English denominative dagian, to dawn. a-c all from Germanic *dagaz (with initial d‑ of obscure origin), day.

[Pokorny ā̆g̑her‑ 7.]

‌‌agro-
Field. Probably a derivative of ag- . Oldest form *ag̑ro‑, becoming *agro‑ in centum languages.

1. acre, from Old English æcer, field, acre, from Germanic *akraz.
2. aerie, agrarian; agriculture, peregrine, pilgrim, from Latin ager (genitive agrī), earlier *agros, district, property, field.
3. agria, agro-; agrostology, onager, stavesacre, from Greek agros, field, and agrios, wild.

[In Pokorny ag̑‑ 4.]

‌‌aik-
To be master of, possess. Oldest form *h₂eik̑‑, colored to *h₂aik̑‑, becoming *aik̑‑ in satem languages and *aik‑ in centum languages.

1. ought¹, owe, from Old English āgan, to possess, from Germanic *aigan, to possess.
2. 1. own, from Old English āgen, one's own;
   2. eigenvalue, eigenvector, from Old High German eigan, one's own. Both a and b from Germanic participial form *aiganaz, possessed, owned.
3. fraught, freight, from Middle Low German and Middle Dutch vrecht, vracht, "earnings," hire for a ship, freight, from Germanic prefixed form *fra-aihtiz, absolute possession, property (*fra‑, intensive prefix; see per¹).
4. Reduplicated zero-grade (perfect) form *h₂e-h₂ik‑, remade to *h₂i-h₂ik‑ (> *īk‑). Ganesh, from Sanskrit īṣṭe, he rules over.

[Pokorny ēik‑ 298.]

‌‌aim-
Copy. Oldest form *h₂eim‑, colored to *h₂aim‑.

1. Suffixed full-grade form *aim-olo‑. emulate, emulous, from Latin aemulus, emulous.
2. Zero-grade form *h₂im‑.
   1. imitate; inimitable, from Latin imitāre, to imitate, from suffixed form *im-eto‑;
   2. image, imagine, imago, from Latin imāgō, image.

[Not in Pokorny; compare Hittite ḫimma‑, ritual substitute.]

‌‌ais-
To wish, desire.

Oldest form *h₂eis‑, colored to *h₂ais‑. Suffixed form *ais-sk‑. ask, from Old English āscian, ācsian, to ask, seek, from Germanic *aiskōn.

[Pokorny 1. ais‑ 16.]

‌‌aiw-
Also ayu-.
Vital force, life, long life, eternity; also "endowed with the acme of vital force, young." Oldest forms *h₂eiw‑, *h₂eyu‑, colored to *h₂aiw‑, *h₂ayu‑.
Derivatives include no¹, ever, medieval, age, and eon.

1. 1. no¹, from Old English ā, ever;
   2. aught¹, from Old English āwiht, āuht, anything, "ever a creature";
   3. ever; every, never, from Old English ǣfre (second element obscure), ever;
   4. aye²; nay, from Old Norse ei, ever. a, c, and d all from extended Germanic form *aiwi; b from Germanic *aiwi + *wihti, "ever a thing, anything" (*wihti‑, thing; see wekti-).
2. Suffixed form *aiw-ā‑. echt, from Middle Low German echte, true, legitimate, akin to Old High German ēohaft, according to custom, from ēwa, custom, right (< "what is eternal, what endures") + -haft, having (a characteristic) (see kap-).
3. 1. Suffixed form *aiw-o‑. coeval, longevity, medieval, primeval, from Latin aevum, age, eternity;
   2. further suffixed form *aiwo-tā(ti)‑. age; coetaneous, from Latin aetās (stem aetāti‑), age;
   3. further suffixed form *aiwo-t-erno‑. eternal, eterne, eternity; sempiternal, from Latin aeternus, eternal.
4. Suffixed form *aiw-en‑. eon, from Greek aiōn, age, vital force.
5. Zero-grade form *yu‑ (earlier *h₂yu‑) in compound *h₂yu-g^wih₃-es‑, "having a vigorous life" (*g^wih₃-es‑, life; see g^wei-). hygiene, from Greek hugiēs, healthy.
6. O-grade form *oyu‑ (earlier *h₂oyu‑).
   1. utopia, from Greek ou, not, variant of ouk, probably from a pre-Greek phrase *(ne) oyu (k^wid), "(not on your) life" (ne, not, and *k^wid, finite pronoun used as emphasizing particle; see ne, k^wo-);
   2. Ayurveda, from Sanskrit āyuḥ, life, health, from suffixed form *oyu-s‑.

[Pokorny aiu̯‑ 17.]
See also derivative yeu-.

‌‌ak-
Sharp. Oldest form *h₂ek̑‑, colored to *h₂ak̑‑, becoming *ak̑‑ in satem languages and *ak‑ in centum languages.
Derivatives include acute, hammer, heaven, eager¹, vinegar, acid, and oxygen.

1. Suffixed form *ak-yā‑.
   1. edge; selvage, from Old English ecg, sharp side, from Germanic *agjō;
   2. egg², from Old Norse eggja, to incite, goad, from Germanic *agjan.
2. Suffixed form *ak-u‑.
   1. ear², from Old English æhher, ēar, spike, ear of grain, from Germanic *ahuz‑;
   2. acicula, acuity, aculeate, acumen, acupuncture, acute, aglet, ague, eglantine, from Latin acus, needle;
   3. acerose, from Latin acus, chaff.
3. Suffixed form *ak-i‑. acidanthera, from Greek akis, needle.
4. Suffixed form *ak-men‑, stone, sharp stone used as a tool, with metathetic variant *ka-men‑, with variant *ka-mer‑.
   1. hammer, from Old English hamor;
   2. hamerkop, from Middle Dutch hamer, hammer. Both a and b from Germanic *hamaraz.
   3. probable variant *ke-men-.heaven, from Old English heofon, hefn, heaven, from Germanic *hibin‑, "the stony vault of heaven," dissimilated form of *himin‑.
5. Suffixed form *ak-onā‑, independently created in:
   1. awn, from Old Norse ögn, ear of grain, and Old English agen, ear of grain, from Germanic *aganō; and;
   2. paragon, from Greek akonē, whetstone.
6. Also built to the root form *ak‑ with a suffix containing -n‑ (although the formation is obscure) is Sanskrit aśani‑, arrowhead, thunderbolt: anaconda.
7. Suffixed lengthened form *āk-ri‑. acerate, acrid, acrimony, eager¹; carvacrol, vinegar, from Latin ācer, sharp, bitter.
8. Suffixed form *ak-ri-bhwo‑. acerbic, exacerbate, from Latin acerbus, bitter, sharp, tart.
9. Suffixed (stative) form *ak-ē‑. acid, from Latin acēre, to be sharp.
10. Suffixed form *ak-ēto‑. acetabulum, acetic, acetum; ester, from Latin acētum, vinegar.
11. Suffixed form *ak-mā‑. acme, acne, from Greek akmē, point.
12. Suffixed form *ak-ro‑. acro-; acrobat, acromion, from Greek akros, topmost.
13. O-grade form *ok‑ (from earlier *h₂ok‑) in suffixed form *ok-ri‑. mediocre, from Latin ocris, rugged mountain.
14. Suffixed o-grade form *ok-su‑. amphioxus, oxalis, oxygen, oxytone, oxyuriasis, paroxysm, from Greek oxus, sharp, sour.

[Pokorny 2. ak̑‑ 18, 3.k̑em‑ 556.]

‌‌ak^w-ā-
Water.

1. ait; island, from Old English īg, īeg, island, from Germanic *aujō, "thing on the water," from *agwjō.
2. aqua, aquarelle, aquarium, aquatic, aqui-, ewer, gouache; agua fresca, aguardiente, aquamarine, aquatint, aquavit, aqueduct, sewer¹, from Latin aqua, water.

[Pokorny ak^u̯ā‑ 23.]

‌‌al-¹
Beyond. Oldest form probably *h₂el‑, colored to *h₂al‑.
Derivatives include alarm, ultimate, else, alien, alibi, and parallel.

1. O-grade form *ol‑ (earlier *h₂ol‑), "beyond."
   1. Compound forms *ol-se‑, *ol-so‑ (*so‑, pronominal stem; see so-). alarm, alert, alfresco, alligator, El Niño, hoopla, lagniappe, langue d'oïl, lariat, voilà, from Latin ille (feminine illa, neuter illud), "yonder," that, from Archaic Latin ollus;
   2. suffixed forms *ol-s, *ol-tero‑. outré, ulterior, ultimate, ultra-, utterance², from Latin uls, *ulter, ultrā, beyond.
2. Suffixed form *al-tero‑, "other of two."
   1. alter, altercate, alterity, alternate, altruism; subaltern, from Latin alter, other, other of two;
   2. adulterate, adulterine, adultery, from Latin adulterāre, to commit adultery with, pollute, probably from the phrase ad alterum, "(approaching) another (unlawfully)" (ad, to; see ad-);
   3. variant suffixed form *an-tero‑, "other (of two)." other, from Old English ōther, from Germanic *antharaz.
3. Suffixed form *al-eno‑. Aranyaka, from Sanskrit araṇa‑, foreign.
4. Extended form *alyo‑, "other of more than two."
   1. else; eldritch, from Old English el‑, elles, else, otherwise, from Germanic *aljaz (with adverbial suffix);
   2. alias, alien; alibi, aliquot, hidalgo, from Latin alius, other of more than two;
   3. allo-; allegory, allelomorph, allelopathy, morphallaxis, parallax, parallel, trophallaxis, from Greek allos, other.

[Pokorny 1. al‑ 24, 2.an 37.]

‌‌al-²
To grow, nourish.
Derivatives include old, haughty, altitude, enhance, alumnus, coalesce, and prolific.

1. Suffixed (participial) form *al-to‑, "grown."
   1. 1. alderman, old, from Old English eald, ald, old;
      2. elder¹, from Old English (comparative) ieldra, eldra, older, elder;
      3. eldest, from Old English (superlative) ieldesta, eldesta, eldest;
      4. Germanic compound *wer-ald‑ (see wī-ro-). a-d all from Germanic *alda‑.
   2. alt¹, alto, haughty, hawser; altimeter, altiplano, altitude, altocumulus, altostratus, enhance, exalt, hautboy, from Latin altus, high ("grown tall"), deep.
2. Suffixed form *al-mo‑. alma mater, from Latin almus, nurturing, nourishing.
3. Suffixed form *al-o‑. adolescent, adult, alible, aliment, alimony, altricial, alumnus; coalesce, from Latin alere, to nourish, and alumnus, fosterling, step-child, originally a participle of alere ("being nourished," < *al-o-mno‑).
4. Suffixed (causative) form *ol-eye‑. abolish, from Latin abolēre, to retard the growth of, abolish (ab‑, from; see apo-).
5. Compound form *pro-al‑ (pro‑, forth; see per¹). proletarian, proliferous, prolific, from Latin prōlēs, offspring.
6. Extended form *aldh‑. althea, from Greek althein, althainein, to get well.

[Pokorny 2. al‑ 26.]

‌‌al-³
All. Germanic and Celtic root.

1. Suffixed form *al-na‑.
   1. all; albeit, already, also, although, always, as¹, from Old English all, eall, eal‑, al‑, all;
   2. Althing, from Old Norse allr, all. Both a and b from Germanic *allaz.
2. Germanic *ala‑, all, in compound *Ala-manniz (see man-¹).

[In Pokorny 1. al‑ 24.]

‌‌albho-
White.
Derivatives include elf, oaf, and albino.

1. Possibly Germanic *albiz, *albaz, elf, if meaning "white ghostly apparition."
   1. elf, from Old English ælf, elf;
   2. oaf, from Old Norse alfr, elf;
   3. Erl-king, from Danish elv, elf;
   4. Oberon, from Old French Auberon, from a source akin to Old High German Alberich.
2. elfin, elven, from Old English -elfen, elf, possibly from Germanic *albinjō.
3. abele, alb, albedo, albescent, albino, albite, album, albumen, aubade, auburn; daub, from Latin albus, white.

[Pokorny albho‑ 30.]

‌‌alu-
In words related to sorcery, magic, possession, and intoxication.

Suffixed form *alu-t‑. ale, from Old English ealu, from Germanic *aluth‑.

[Pokorny alu‑ 33.]

‌‌ambhi
Also m̥bhi.
Around. Probably derived from *ant-bhi, "from both sides" (see ant-).

1. Reduced form *bhi.
   1. by¹; abaft, but, from Old English bi, bī, be, by;
   2. be-, from Old English be‑, on all sides, be‑, also intensive prefix;
   3. beleaguer, from Middle Dutch bie, by;
   4. bivouac, from Old High German bi, by, at. a-d all from Germanic *bi, *bi‑ (intensive prefix).
2. 1. Ember Day, from Old English ymbe, around;
   2. ombudsman, from Old Norse um(b), about, around;
   3. umlaut, from Old High German umbi, around. a-c all from Germanic *umbi.
3. 1. ambi-, from Latin ambi‑, around, about;
   2. alley¹, alley-oop, ambulance, ambulate, andante; funambulist, perambulate, preamble, from Latin amb‑, around, about, in ambulāre, to go about, walk (*alāre, to go).
4. amphi-, from Greek amphi, around, about.
5. Celtic *ambi, around, in compound *amb(i)-ag-to‑ (see ag-).

[Pokorny ambhi 34.]

‌‌an-
On.

1. Extended form *ana.
   1. 1. on; acknowledge, alike, from Old English an, on, a, on, and prefixed on‑;
      2. aloft, amiss, from Old Norse ā, in, on;
      3. anlage, Anschluss, from Old High German ana‑, on;
      4. onslaught, from Middle Dutch aen, on. a-d all from Germanic *ana, *anō.
   2. ana², ana-, from Greek ana, on, up, at the rate of.
2. Variant form *no. naprapathy, from Old Church Slavonic na, in, on, to, from Slavic *na.

[Pokorny 4. an 39.]

‌‌anə-
To breathe. Oldest form *h₂enh₁‑, colored to *h₂anh₁‑.Suffixed form *h₂anh₁-mo‑.

1. anima, animadvert, animal, animate, animato, animism, animosity, animus; equanimity, longanimity, magnanimous, pusillanimous, unanimous, from Latin animus, reason, mind, spirit, and anima, soul, spirit, life, breath;
2. anemo-, anemone, from Greek anemos, wind.

[Pokorny 3. an(ə)‑ 38.]

‌‌angh-
Tight, painfully constricted, painful. Oldest form *ang̑h‑, becoming *angh‑ in centum languages.
Derivatives include anger, hangnail, and quinsy.

1. agnail, hangnail, from Old English ang-nægl, "painful spike (in the flesh)," corn, excrescence (nægl, spike; see nogh-), from Germanic *ang‑, compressed, hard, painful.
2. Suffixed form *angh-os‑. anger, from Old Norse angr, sorrow, grief, from Germanic *angaz.
3. Suffixed form *angh-os-ti‑. angst¹, from Old High German angust, anxiety, from Germanic *angusti‑.
4. anxious, from Latin angere, to strangle, torment.
5. Suffixed form *angh-os-to‑. anguish, from Latin angustus, narrow.
6. quinsy, from Greek ankhein, to squeeze, embrace.
7. angina, from Greek ankhonē, a strangling.

[Pokorny ang̑h‑ 42.]

‌‌ansu-
Spirit, demon. Oldest form *h₂e/onsu‑, colored to *h₂a/onsu‑.

1. Aesir; Asgard, from Old Norse āss, god, from Germanic *ansu‑.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *n̥su-ro‑. Ahura Mazda, Ormazd, from Avestan ahura‑, spirit, lord.

[Pokorny ansu‑ 48.]

‌‌ant-
Front, forehead. Oldest form *h₂ent‑, colored to *h₂ant‑
Derivatives include along, end, advance, and antique.

1. Inflected form (locative singular) *anti, "against," with derivatives meaning in front of, before; also end.
   1. un-²; along, from Old English and‑, indicating opposition, from Germanic *andi‑ and *anda‑.
   2. end, from Old English ende, end, from Germanic *andja‑.
   3. ancient¹, ante, ante-, anterior; advance, advantage, vanguard, from Latin ante, before, in front of, against.
   4. anti-; enantiomer, enantiomorph, from Greek anti, against, and enantios, opposite.
   5. Compound form *anti-ək^wo‑ (from earlier *h₂anti-h₃k^wo‑) "appearing before, having prior aspect" (*h₃k^w‑, appearance; see ok^w-). antic, antique, from Latin antīquus, former, antique.
   6. Reduced form *n̥ti‑.
      1. until, from Old Norse und, until, unto;
      2. elope, from Middle Dutch ont‑, away from. Both a and b from Germanic *und‑.
   7. Variant form *anto‑. Vedanta, from Sanskrit antaḥ, end.
2. Probable inflected form (ablative plural) *ant-bhi, "from both sides," whence *ambhi, around. See ambhi.

[Pokorny ant-s 48.]

‌‌apo-
Also ap-.
Off, away.
Derivatives include off, ebb, awkward, puny, and compote.

1. 1. of, off, offal, from Old English of, æf, off;
   2. ebb, from Old English ebba, low tide;
   3. ablaut, from Old High German aba, off, away from;
   4. aft; abaft, from Old English æftan, behind, from Germanic *aftan‑. a-d all from Germanic *af.
2. ab-¹, from Latin ab, ab‑, away from.
3. apo-, from Greek apo, away from, from.
4. Suffixed (comparative) form *ap(o)-tero‑. after, from Old English æfter, after, behind, from Germanic *aftar‑.
5. Suffixed form *ap-t-is‑. eftsoons, from Old English eft, again, from Germanic *aftiz.
6. Suffixed form *apu-ko‑. awkward, from Old Norse öfugr, turned backward, from Germanic *afug‑.
7. Possible variant root form *po(s), on, in.
   1. pogrom, from Russian po, at, by, next to;
   2. post-, posterior; postmortem, preposterous, puisne, puny, from Latin post, behind, back, afterward;
   3. apposite, apposition, apropos, component, compose, composite, composition, compost, compote, compound¹, contrapposto, depone, deposit, dispose, exponent, expose, expound, impose, impost¹, impost², interpose, juxtapose, oppose, position, positive, post², post³, postiche, posture, preposition¹, propose, provost, punt³, reposit, suppose, transpose, from Latin pōnere, to put, place, from *po-s(i)nere (sinere, to leave, let; of obscure origin).

[Pokorny apo‑ 53.]

‌‌ar-
Also arə-.
To fit together. Oldest form *h₂erh₁‑, colored to *h₂arh₁‑, with variant *h₂reh₁‑, becoming *rē‑.
Derivatives include army, harmony, inert, aristocracy, adorn, hatred, rite, arithmetic, and rhyme.

1. Basic form *arə.
   1. Suffixed form ar(ə)-mo‑.
      1. arm¹, from Old English earm, arm, from Germanic *armaz;
      2. ambry, arm², armada, armadillo, armature, armoire, army; alarm, disarm, gendarme, from Latin arma, tools, arms;
      3. armillary sphere, from Latin armus, upper arm.
   2. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-smo‑. harmony, from Greek harmos, joint, shoulder.
   3. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-ti‑.
      1. art¹, artisan, artist; inert, inertia, from Latin ars (stem art‑), art, skill, craft;
      2. further suffixed form *ar(ə)-ti-o‑. artiodactyl, from Greek artios, fitting, even.
   4. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-tu‑. article, from Latin artus, joint.
   5. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-to‑. coarctate, from Latin artus, tight.
   6. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-dhro‑. arthro-; anarthrous, diarthrosis, dysarthria, enarthrosis, synarthrosis, from Greek arthron, joint.
   7. Suffixed (superlative) form *ar(ə)-isto‑. aristocracy, from Greek aristos, best.
2. Possibly suffixed lengthened o-grade form (or separate root) *ōrə-dh‑.
   1. ordain, order, ordinal, ordinance, ordinary, ordinate, ordo; coordination, inordinate, subordinate, from Latin ōrdō, order (originally a row of threads in a loom).
   2. exordium, primordial, from Latin ōrdīrī, to begin to weave.
   3. ornament, ornate; adorn, suborn, from Latin ōrnāre, to adorn.
3. Variant *rē‑ (< earlier *h₂reh₁‑).
   1. rate¹, ratio, ration, reason; arraign, from Latin rērī, to consider, confirm, ratify.
   2. Suffixed form *rē-dh‑.
      1. 1. read, rede; dread, from Old English rǣdan, to advise;
         2. hatred, kindred, from Old English rǣden, -rǣden, condition. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *rēdan.
      2. 1. rathskeller, from Old High German rāt, counsel;
         2. riddle², from Old English rǣdels(e), opinion, riddle. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *rēdaz.
   3. Zero-grade form *rə‑. Germanic *radam, number, in dialectal North and West Germanic compound *hund(a)-rada‑ (see dekm̥).
4. Variant root form *h₂reh₁i‑, with zero-grades *h₂rh₁i‑ and (metathesized) *h₂rih₁‑, the latter contracted to *rī‑.
   1. Suffixed metathesized zero-grade form *rī-tu‑. rite, from Latin rītus, rite, custom, usage.
   2. Suffixed unmetathesized zero-grade form *ərəi-dhmo‑. arithmetic, logarithm, from Greek arithmos, number, amount.
   3. rhyme, from a Germanic source akin to Old High German rīm, number, series.

[Pokorny 1. ar‑ 55.]

‌‌arg-
To shine; white; the shining or white metal, silver. Oldest form *h₂(e)rg̑‑, colored to *h₂(a)rg̑‑, becoming *arg̑‑ in satem languages and *arg‑ in centum languages.

1. Suffixed form *arg-ent‑. argent, argentine, from Latin argentum, silver.
2. Suffixed form *arg-i-l(l)‑. argil, from Greek argillos, white clay.
3. Suffixed form *arg-u-ro‑. litharge, pyrargyrite, from Greek arguros, silver.
4. Suffixed form *arg-u-no‑. Arjuna, from Sanskrit arjunaḥ, bright, white, silvery.
5. Suffixed form *arg-i-n‑. arginine, from Greek arginoeis, brilliant, bright-shining.
6. Suffixed form *arg-u‑, brilliant, clear. argue, from Latin denominative arguere, to make clear, demonstrate (< *argu-yo‑).
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *ər̥g-ro‑, becoming *arg-ro‑. agrimony, possibly from Greek argos, white (< *argros).
8. Suffixed zero-grade form *ər̥g-ro‑, becoming *arg-ro‑. agrimony, possibly from Greek argos, white (< *argros).

[Pokorny ar(e)-g̑‑ 64.]

‌‌as-
To burn, glow. Oldest form *h₂es‑, colored to *h₂as‑.
Derivatives include arson, and azalea.

1. Extended form *asg‑.
   1. ash¹, from Old English æsce, asce, ash;
   2. potassium, from Middle Dutch asche, ash. Both a and b from Germanic *askōn‑.
2. Suffixed form *ās-ā‑. Ara, from Latin āra, altar, hearth.
3. Suffixed (stative) form *ās-ē‑.
   1. arid, from Latin āridus, dry, parched, from ārēre, to be dry;
   2. ardent, ardor, arson, from Latin ārdēre, to burn, be on fire, from āridus, parched.
4. Extended form *asd‑.
   1. zamia, from Greek azein, to dry;
   2. azalea, from Greek azaleos, dry.

[Pokorny ā̆s‑ 68.]

‌‌at-
To go; with Germanic and Latin derivatives meaning a year (conceived as "the period gone through, the revolving year"). Suffixed form *at-no‑.

annals, annual, annuity; anniversary, biennium, decennium, millennium, perennial, quadrennium, quinceañera, quindecennial, quinquennium, septennial, sexennial, superannuated, triennium, vicennial, from Latin annus, year.

[Pokorny at‑ 69.]

‌‌āter-
Fire.

1. Suffixed zero-grade form *ātr-o‑. atrabilious, from Latin āter (feminine ātra), black (< "blackened by fire").
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *ātr-yo‑. atrium, from Latin ātrium, forecourt, hall, atrium (perhaps originally the place where the smoke from the hearth escaped through a hole in the roof).
3. Compound shortened zero-grade form *atro-ək^w‑, "black-looking" (*ək^w‑, "looking"; see ok^w-). atrocious, from Latin ā̆trōx, frightful.
4. Basic form *āter. zircon, from Old Persian *ātar, fire (stem āç‑ attested in month name āçiyādiya, "(month) of fire-worship"), from Indo-Iranian *ātar.
5. Possibly, but obscurely related to this root is Sanskrit atharvā, atharvan‑, priest (-van‑, possessive suffix): Atharva-Veda.

[Pokorny āt(e)r‑ 69.]

‌‌au-
To perceive. Compound forms *au-dh‑, *awis-dh‑, "to place perception" (*dh‑, to place; see dhē-).

1. Suffixed form *awisdh-yo‑ or *audh-yo‑. audible, audience, audile, audio-, audit, audition, auditor, auditorium, auditory, oyez; obey, subaudition, from Latin audīre, to hear.
2. aesthetic; anesthesia, from Greek aisthanesthai, to feel.

[Pokorny 8. au̯‑ 78.]

‌‌aug-
To increase. Oldest form *h₂eug‑, colored to *h₂aug‑. Variant *h₂weg‑ becoming *(a)weg‑.
Derivatives include nickname, auction, and auxiliary.

1. 1. eke¹, from Old English ēacan, ēcan, to increase;
   2. nickname, from Old English ēaca, an addition. Both a and b from Germanic *aukan.
2. Variant (metathesized) form *weg‑ (from *əweg‑), extended to *wegs‑ (o-grade *wogs‑).
   1. wax²; woodwaxen, from Old English weaxan, to grow, from Germanic *wahsan;
   2. waist, from Old English *wæst, growth, hence perhaps waist, size, from Germanic *wahs-tu‑.
3. Form *aug-ē‑. auction, augend, augment, author, authorize, from Latin augēre, to increase.
4. augur; inaugurate, from Latin augur, diviner (< "he who obtains favorable presage" < "divine favor, increase").
5. august, from Latin augustus, majestic, august.
6. Suffixed form *aug-s‑.
   1. auxiliary, from Latin auxilium, aid, support, assistance;
   2. auxin, auxesis, from Greek auxein, auxanein, to increase.

[Pokorny au̯eg‑ 84.]

‌‌aus-
To shine.
Derivatives include east, Easter, and aurora.

1. 1. east, from Old English ēast, east (< "the direction of the sunrise");
   2. ostmark, from Old High German ōstan, east. Both a and b from Germanic *aust‑.
2. 1. eastern, from Old English ēasterne, eastern;
   2. Ostrogoth, from Late Latin ostro‑, eastern. Both a and b from Germanic *austra‑.
3. Easter, from Old English ēastre, Easter, from Germanic *austrōn‑, dawn.
4. Possibly in Latin auster, the south wind, formally identical to the Germanic forms in 2 and 3, but the semantics are unclear austral, Austro-¹.
5. Probably suffixed form *ausōs‑, dawn, also Indo-European goddess of the dawn.
   1. aurora, from Latin aurōra, dawn;
   2. eo-, Eos; eosin, from Greek ēōs, dawn.

[Pokorny au̯es‑ 86.]

‌‌awi-
Bird. Oldest form *h₂ewi‑, colored to *h₂awi‑.
Derivatives include aviation, bustard, ostrich, cockney, oval, and caviar.

1. 1. avian, aviary, aviation; aviculture, avifauna, bustard, ocarina, osprey, ostrich, from Latin avis, bird.
   2. Compound *awi-spek‑, "observer of birds" (*spek‑, to see; see spek-). auspice, from Latin auspex, augur.
2. Possible derivatives are the Indo-European words for egg, *ōwyo‑, *ōyyo‑.
   1. 1. cockney, from Old English ǣg, egg;
      2. egg¹, from Old Norse egg, egg. Both a and b from Germanic *ajja(m).
   2. oval, ovary, ovate, ovi-, ovolo, ovule, ovum, from Latin ōvum, egg.
   3. oo-; avgolemono, bottarga, from Greek ōion, egg.
   4. caviar, from a source akin to Middle Persian khāyak, egg, from Old Iranian *āvyaka‑, diminutive of *avya‑.

[Pokorny au̯ei‑ 86.]

‌‌awo-
An adult male relative other than one's father.

1. atavism, from Latin avus, grandfather.
2. avuncular, uncle, from Latin avunculus, maternal uncle.
3. ayah, from Latin avia, grandmother.

[Pokorny au̯o-s 89.]

‌‌ayer-
Day, morning.

1. 1. early, ere, or², from Old English ǣr, before;
   2. or², from Old Norse ār, before. Both a and b from Germanic *airiz.
2. erst, from Old English ǣrest, earliest, from Germanic (superlative) *airistaz.

[Pokorny ā̆i̯er‑ 12.]

‌‌ayes-
A metal, copper or bronze.

aeneous, era, from Latin aes, bronze, money.

[Pokorny ai̯os‑ 15.]

‌‌bak-
Staff used for support.

1. 1. bacillus, baculum, baguette, bail⁴, bailey; baculiform, debacle, imbecile, from Latin baculum, rod, walking stick;
   2. Possibly Latin imbēcillus, imbecillus, feeble, possibly from *in-bacillus , "without a staff (to steady oneself), without support," from bacillus, diminutive of baculum (in‑, not; see ne). imbecile.
2. bacterium; corynebacterium, from Greek baktron, staff.

[Pokorny bak‑ 93.]

‌‌bel-
Strong.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *bol-iyo‑. Bolshevik, from Russian bol'shoĭ, large.
2. Prefixed form *dē-bel-i‑, "without strength" (dē‑, privative prefix; see de-). debilitate, debility, from Latin dēbilis, weak.

[Pokorny 2. bel‑ 96.]

‌‌bhā-¹
To shine. Oldest form *bheh₂‑, colored to *bhah₂‑, becoming *bhā‑.
Derivatives include beacon, berry, banner, fantasy, and phase.

1. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhə-w‑.
   1. beacon, from Old English bēac(e)n, beacon;
   2. beckon, from Old English bēcnan, bīecnan, to make a sign, beckon, from Germanic denominative *bauknjan;
   3. buoy, from Old French boue, buoy. a-c all from Germanic *baukna‑, beacon, signal.
2. Perhaps Germanic *bazja‑, berry (< "bright-colored fruit").
   1. berry; mulberry, from Old English berie, berige, berry, and Old High German beri, berry;
   2. frambesia, from Old French framboise, raspberry, alteration of Frankish *brām-besi, "bramble berry.".
3. 1. bandoleer, from Spanish banda, sash;
   2. banderilla, banderole, banner, banneret¹, banneret², from Late Latin bandum, banner, standard. Both a and b from Germanic *bandwa‑, "identifying sign," banner, standard, sash, also "company united under a (particular) banner.".
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhə-w-es‑. phos-, phot, photo-; phosphorus, from Greek phōs (stem phōt‑), light.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhə-w‑. Phaëthon, from Greek phaeithein, to shine, burn.
6. Extended and suffixed zero-grade form *bhə-n-yo‑. fantasy, pant¹, -phane, phantasm, phantom, phase, pheno-, phenomenon; diaphanous, emphasis, epiphany, glaucophane, hierophant, phaneritic, phanerogam, Phanerozoic, phantasmagoria, phosphene, sycophant, theophany, tiffany, from Greek phainein, "to bring to light," cause to appear, show, and phainesthai (passive), "to be brought to light," appear, with zero-grade noun phasis (*bhə-ti‑), an appearance.

[Pokorny 1. bhā‑ 104.]

‌‌bhā-²
To speak. Oldest form *bheh₂‑, colored to *bhah₂‑, becoming *bhā‑.
Derivatives include fate, infant, prophet, abandon, banish, symphony, confess, and blame.

1. fable, fabliau, fabulous, fado, fairy, fandango, fate, fay²; affable, fantoccini, ineffable, infant, infantry, preface, from Latin fārī, to speak.
2. -phasia; apophasis, prophet, from Greek phanai, to speak.
3. 1. ban¹, from Old English bannan, to summon, proclaim, and Old Norse banna, to prohibit, curse;
   2. banal, banns; abandon, from Old French ban, feudal jurisdiction, summons to military service, proclamation, Old French bandon, power, and Old English gebann, proclamation;
   3. banish, from Old French banir, to banish;
   4. contraband, from Late Latin bannus, bannum, proclamation;
   5. bandit, from Italian bandire, to proclaim, proscribe, banish. a-e all from Germanic suffixed form *ban-wan, *bannan, to speak publicly (used of particular kinds of proclamation in feudal or prefeudal custom; "to proclaim under penalty, summon to the levy, declare outlaw").
4. Suffixed form *bhā-ni‑.
   1. boon¹, from Old Norse bōn, prayer, request;
   2. bee¹, perhaps from Old English bēn, prayer, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse bōn, prayer. Both a and b from Germanic *bōni‑.
5. Suffixed form *bhā-ma.
   1. fame, famous; defame, infamous, from Latin fāma, talk, reputation, fame;
   2. euphemism, Polyphemus, from Greek phēmē, saying, speech.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *bhō-nā‑. phone², -phone, phoneme, phonetic, phono-, -phony; anthem, antiphon, aphonia, cacophonous, euphony, symphony, from Greek phōnē, voice, sound, and (denominative) phōnein, to speak.
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhə-to‑. confess, profess, from Latin fatērī, to acknowledge, admit.
8. blame, blaspheme, from Greek blasphēmos, blasphemous, perhaps from *ml̥s-bhā-mo‑, "speaking evil" (blas‑, evil; see mel-³).

[Pokorny 2. bhā‑ 105.]

‌‌bha-bhā-
Broad bean.

1. fava bean, favela, from Latin faba, broad bean.
2. Variant form *bha-un‑. bean, from Old English bēan, broad bean, bean of any kind, from Germanic *baunō.
3. Possible suffixed form *bha-ko‑. phacoemulsification, from Greek phakos, lentil.
4. Variant form *bha-bho‑. bupkis, from a Slavic source akin to Polish bób and Russian bob, lentil.

[Pokorny bhabhā 106.]

‌‌bhad-
Good.

1. better¹, from Old English betera, better, from Germanic (comparative) *batizō.
2. best, from Old English bet(e)st, best, from Germanic (superlative) *batistaz.
3. boot², from Old English bōt, remedy, aid, from Germanic noun *bōtō.
4. batten¹, ultimately from Old Norse batna, to improve, from Germanic verb *batnan, to become better.

[Pokorny bhā̆d‑ 106.]

‌‌bhag-
To share out, apportion, also to get a share.

1. -phage, -phagia, phago-, -phagous; esophagus, from Greek phagein, to eat (< "to have a share of food").
2. porgy, from Greek phagros, whetstone ("eater, that eats metal"), also a name for the sea bream, from Greek suffixed form *phag-ro‑.
3. nebbish, from a Slavic source akin to Czech neboh, poor, unfortunate, from Common Slavic *ne-bogŭ, poor ("un-endowed").
4. pagoda; Bhagavad-Gita, from Sanskrit bhagaḥ, good fortune.
5. bhakti, from Sanskrit bhajati, he apportions.
6. Extended form *bhags‑. baksheesh, buckshee, from Persian bakhshīdan, to give, from Avestan bakhsh‑.

[Pokorny 1. bhag‑ 107.]

‌‌bhāghu-
Arm. Oldest form *bhāg̑hu‑, becoming *bhāghu‑ in centum languages.

bough, from Old English bōg, bōh, bough, from Germanic *bōguz.

[Pokorny bhāghú-s (misprint for bhāg̑hú-s ) 108.]

‌‌bhāgo-
Beech tree.

1. 1. book¹, from Old English bōc, written document, composition;
   2. buckwheat, from Middle Dutch boek, beech;
   3. Bokmål, from Norwegian bok, book. a-c all from Germanic *bōkō, beech, also "beech staff for carving runes on" (an early Germanic writing device).
2. beech, from Old English bēce, beech, from Germanic *bōkjōn‑.

[Pokorny bhāgó-s 107.]

‌‌bhardh-ā-
Beard.

1. beard, from Old English beard, beard, from Germanic *bardaz.
2. halberd, from Old High German barta, beard, ax, from Germanic *bardō, beard, also hatchet, broadax.
3. barb¹, barbel¹, barbellate, barber, barbette, barbicel, barbule, barbut, bichon; rebarbative, from Latin barba, beard.

[Pokorny bhardhā 110.]

‌‌bhares-
Also bhars-.
Barley.

1. 1. barn, from Old English bere, barley, from Germanic *bariz‑;
   2. barley, from Old English bærlic, barley-like, barley, from Germanic *barz‑.
2. farina, farinaceous, farraginous, farrago, farro, from Latin far (stem farr‑), spelt, grain.

[Pokorny bhares‑ 111.]

‌‌bhau-
To strike. Oldest form *bheh₂u‑, colored to *bhah₂u‑, becoming *bhau‑.
Derivatives include beat, buttock, halibut, button, and refute.

1. beat, from Old English bēatan, to beat, from Germanic *bautan.
2. beetle³; battledore, from Old English bȳtl, hammer, mallet, from Germanic *bautilaz, hammer.
3. baste³, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse beysta, to beat, denominative from Germanic *baut-sti‑.
4. buttock, from Old English diminutive buttuc, end, strip of land, from Germanic *būtaz.
5. 1. halibut, from Middle Dutch butte, flatfish;
   2. turbot, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Swedish but, flatfish. Both a and b from Germanic *butt‑, name for a flatfish.
6. bouton, butt¹, button, buttress; abut, rebut, sackbut, from Old French bo(u)ter, to strike, push, from Germanic *buttan.
7. Variant zero-grade form *bhū‑ (< *bhuə‑, metathesized from *bhəu‑). Suffixed form *bhū-t-ā‑.
   1. confute, from Latin cōnfūtāre, to check, suppress, restrain (com‑, intensive prefix; see kom);
   2. refute, from Latin refūtāre, to drive back, rebut (re‑, back; see re-).
8. Possibly reduced suffixed form *bhu-tu‑ (*bhəu‑) footle; clafoutis, from Latin futuere, to have intercourse with (a woman).

[Pokorny 1. bhā̆u‑ 112.]

‌‌bheg^w-
To run.

1. beck², from Old Norse bekkr, a stream, from Germanic *bakjaz, a stream.
2. -phobe, -phobia, from Greek phobos, panic, flight, fear, from phebesthai, to flee in terror.

[Pokorny bheg^u̯‑ 116.]

‌‌bhei-
A bee.

bee¹, from Old English bēo, a bee, from Germanic suffixed form *bīōn‑.

[Pokorny bhei‑ 116.]

‌‌bheid-
To split; with Germanic derivatives referring to biting (hence also to eating and to hunting) and woodworking.
Derivatives include bite, bitter, and fission.

1. 1. beetle¹, bite, from Old English bītan, to bite;
   2. tsimmes, from Old High German bīzan, bizzan, to bite. Both a and b from Germanic *bītan.
2. Zero-grade form *bhid‑.
   1. bit², from Old English bite, a bite, sting, from Germanic *bitiz;
   2. 1. bit¹, from Old English bita, a piece bitten off, morsel;
      2. bitt, from a Germanic source akin to Old Norse biti, bit, crossbeam;
      3. pizza, from Italian pizza, pizza, from a Germanic source akin to Old High German bizzo, pizzo, bite, morsel. (i)-(iii) all from Germanic *bitōn‑;
      4. pita, from Medieval Greek pita, perhaps from Gothic *bita, bite, morsel. (i)-(iv) all from Germanic *bitōn‑.
   3. suffixed form *bhid-ro‑. bitter, from Old English bit(t)er, "biting," sharp, bitter.
3. O-grade form *bhoid‑.
   1. bait¹, from Old Norse beita (verb), to hunt with dogs, and beita (noun), pasture, food;
   2. abet, from Old French beter, to harass with dogs. Both a and b from Germanic *baitjan.
4. giblets, from Old French gibiez, game, from Germanic *gabaiti‑ (*ga‑, collective prefix; see kom).
5. bateau, boat; boatswain, from Old English bāt, boat, from Germanic *bait‑, a boat (< "dugout canoe" or "split planking").
6. Nasalized zero-grade form *bhi-n-d‑. -fid, fissi-, fissile, fission, fissure, vent², from Latin findere, to split.

[Pokorny bheid‑ 116.]

‌‌bheidh-
To trust, confide, persuade.
Derivatives include bide, fiancé, and infidel.

1. Probably Germanic *bīdan, to await (< "to await trustingly, expect, trust") abide, abode, from Old English bīdan, to wait, stay.
2. fiancé, fiducial, fiduciary; affiance, affiant, affidavit, confidant, confide, confident, defiance, defy, diffident, from Latin fīdere, to trust, confide, and fīdus, faithful.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *bhoidh-es‑. federal, federate; confederate, from Latin foedus (stem foeder‑), treaty, league.
4. Zero-grade form *bhidh‑. faith, fay³, fealty, fideism, fidelity; infidel, perfidy, from Latin fidēs, faith, trust.

[Pokorny 1. bheidh‑ 117.]

‌‌bhel-¹
To shine, flash, burn; shining white and various bright colors.
Derivatives include blue, bleach, blind, blond, blanket, black, flagrant, and flame.

1. Suffixed full-grade form *bhel-o‑.
   1. 1. beluga, from Russian belyĭ, white;
      2. Beltane, from Scottish Gaelic bealltainn, from Old Irish beltaine, "fire of Bel" (ten, tene, fire), from Bel, name of a pagan Irish deity akin to the Gaulish divine name Belenos, from Celtic *bel-o‑.
   2. phalarope, from Greek phalaros, having a white spot.
   3. phalaenopsis, from Greek phallaina, moth (< *"white creature").
2. Extended root *bhleə₁‑, contracted to *bhlē‑.
   1. Suffixed form *bhlē-wo‑. blue, from Old French bleu, blue, from Germanic *blēwaz, blue.
   2. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhl̥ə-wo‑. flavescent, flavo-; flavin, flavone, flavoprotein, from Latin flāvus, golden or reddish yellow.
3. Various extended Germanic forms.
   1. bleach, from Old English blǣcan, to bleach, from Germanic *blaikjan, to make white.
   2. bleak¹, from Old Norse bleikr, shining, white, from Germanic *blaikaz, shining, white.
   3. blitzkrieg, from Old High German blëcchazzen, to flash, lighten, from Germanic *blikkatjan.
   4. 1. blaze¹, from Old English blæse, torch, bright fire;
      2. blesbok, from Middle Dutch bles, white spot;
      3. blemish, from Old French ble(s)mir, to make pale. a-c all from Germanic *blas‑, shining, white.
   5. 1. blind; blindfold, purblind, from Old English blind, blind;
      2. blende, from Old High German blentan, to blind, deceive;
      3. blend, from Old Norse blanda, to mix;
      4. blond, from Old French blond, blond. a-d all from Germanic *blendaz, clouded, and *bland‑, *bland-ja‑, to mix, mingle (< "make cloudy").
   6. 1. blench¹, from Old English blencan, to deceive;
      2. blanch, blank, blanket; blancmange, Pinot Blanc, from Old French blanc, white. Both a and b from Germanic *blenk‑, *blank‑, to shine, dazzle, blind.
   7. blush, from Old English blyscan, to glow red, from Germanic *blisk‑, to shine, burn.
4. Extended root *bhleg‑, to shine, flash, burn.
   1. O-grade form bhlog‑. black, from Old English blæc, black, from Germanic *blakaz, burned.
   2. Zero-grade form *bhl̥g‑.
      1. fulgent, fulgurate; effulgent, foudroyant, refulgent, from Latin fulgēre, to flash, shine, and fulgur, lightning;
      2. fulminate, from Latin fulmen (< *fulg-men), lightning, thunderbolt.
   3. 1. flagrant; conflagrant, conflagration, deflagrate, from Latin flagrāre, to blaze;
      2. chamise, flambé, flambeau, flamboyant, flame, flamingo, flammable; inflame, from Latin flamma (< *flag-ma), a flame.
   4. phlegm, phlegmatic, Phlegethon, from Greek phlegein, to burn.
   5. O-grade form *bhlog‑. phlogiston, phlox; phlogopite, from Greek phlox, a flame, also a wallflower.

[Pokorny 1. bhel‑ 118,bheleg‑ 124,bhleu-(k)‑ 159.]

‌‌bhel-²
To blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity.
Derivatives include boulevard, boulder, phallus, balloon, ballot, and fool.

1. Zero-grade form bhl̥‑.
   1. bowl¹, from Old English bolla, pot, bowl;
   2. bole¹, from Old Norse bolr, tree trunk;
   3. bulk, from Old Norse bulki, cargo (< "rolled-up load");
   4. rocambole, from Old High German bolla, ball;
   5. boulevard, bulwark, from Middle High German bole, beam, plank;
   6. boll, from Middle Dutch bolle, round object;
   7. biltong, from Middle Dutch bille, buttock;
   8. boulder, from a Scandinavian source akin to Swedish bullersten, "rounded stone," boulder, from *buller‑, "round object." a-h all from Germanic *bul‑.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhl̥-n‑.
   1. bull¹, from Old Norse boli, bull, from Germanic *bullōn‑;
   2. bullock, from Old English bulluc, bull, from Germanic *bulluka‑;
   3. phallus; ithyphallic, from Greek phallos, phallus;
   4. possibly Latin fullō, a fuller full²; refoulement.
3. O-grade form *bhol‑.
   1. bollock, bollix, from Old English beallucas, testicles;
   2. ball¹, from Old English *beall, ball;
   3. foosball, from Old High German bal, ball;
   4. bilberry, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Danish bolle, round roll;
   5. balloon, ballot, ballottement, from Italian dialectal balla, ball;
   6. pall-mall, from Italian palla, ball;
   7. bale¹, from Old French bale, rolled-up bundle. a-g all from Germanic *ball‑.
4. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *bhol-to‑.
   1. bold, from Old English bald, beald, bold;
   2. bawd, from Old Saxon bald, bold;
   3. Balder, from Old Norse ballr, baldr, brave. a-c from Germanic *balthaz, bold.
5. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-n‑. fils², follicle, folly, fool, from Latin follis, bellows, inflated ball.
6. Possibly Greek phal(l)aina, whale baleen.
7. Conceivably from this root (but more likely unrelated) is Greek phellos, cork, cork oak phellem; phelloderm, phellogen.

[Pokorny 3. bhel‑ 120.]
The following derivatives of this root are entered separately: bhel-³, bhelgh-, bhleu-.

‌‌bhel-³
To thrive, bloom. Possibly from bhel-².
Derivatives include foliage, blossom, flora, bleed, bless, and blade.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-yo‑, leaf.
   1. foil², foliage, folio, folium; cinquefoil, defoliate, exfoliate, feuilleton, milfoil, perfoliate, portfolio, trefoil, from Latin folium, leaf.
   2. -phyll, phyllo-, -phyllous; anthophyllite, chervil, gillyflower, podophyllin, from Greek phullon, leaf.
2. Extended form *bhlē‑ (< *bhleə‑).
   1. O-grade form *bhlō‑.
      1. Suffixed form *bhlō-w‑. blow³, from Old English blōwan, to flower, from Germanic *blō-w‑;
      2. 1. bloom¹, from Old Norse blōm, blōmi, flower, blossom;
         2. bloom², from Old English blōma, a hammered ingot of iron (semantic development obscure). Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic suffixed form *blō-mōn‑.
      3. blossom, from Old English blōstm, blōstma, flower, blossom, from Germanic suffixed form *blō-s‑;
      4. ferret², flora, Flora, floral, floret, floriated, florid, florin, florist, -florous, flour, flourish, flower; cauliflower, deflower, effloresce, enfleurage, florigen, millefiori glass, millefleur, from Latin flōs (stem flōr‑), flower, from Italic suffixed form *flō-s‑;
      5. suffixed form *bhlō-to‑, possibly in the meaning "swell, gush, spurt" in Germanic *blōdam, blood.
         1. blood, from Old English blōd, blood;
         2. bleed, from Old English *blēdan, to bleed, from Germanic denominative *blōdjan;
         3. bless, from Old English bloedsian, blētsian, to consecrate, from Germanic *blōdisōn, to treat or hallow with blood.
   2. emblements, from Medieval Latin blādum, bladium, produce of the land, grain, from Germanic suffixed form *blē-da‑.
   3. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhlə-to‑. blade, from Old English blæd, leaf, blade, from Germanic *bladaz.

[Pokorny 4. bhel‑ 122.]

‌‌bhelgh-
To swell. Extension of bhel-² . Oldest form *bhelg̑h‑, becoming *bhelgh‑ in centum languages.

1. O-grade form *bholgh‑. bellows, belly, from Old English bel(i)g, bælig, bag, bellows, from Germanic *balgiz.
2. Zero-grade form *bhl̥gh‑. billow, from Old Norse bylgja, a wave, from Germanic *bulgjan.
3. Zero-grade form *bhl̥gh‑. bolster, from Old English bolster, cushion, from Germanic *bulgstraz.
4. O-grade form *bholgh‑.
   1. Fir Bolg, Imbolc, from Irish bolg, bolc, bag.
   2. budget, bulge, from Latin bulga, leather sack, from Celtic *bolg‑.

[Pokorny bhelg̑h‑ 125.]

‌‌bhendh-
To bind.
Derivatives include bind, bandanna, and bundle.

1. 1. bind; woodbine, from Old English bindan, to bind;
   2. bindlestiff, from Old High German binten, to bind. Both a and b from Germanic *bindan.
2. bandanna, from Sanskrit bandhati, he ties.
3. O-grade form *bhondh‑.
   1. bend²; ribbon, from Old English bend, band, and Old French bende, band;
   2. bend¹, from Old English bendan, to bend;
   3. band¹, bond, from Old Norse band, band, fetter;
   4. gum band, from Old High German band, band;
   5. band¹, from Old French bande, bond, tie, link. a-e all from Germanic *band‑.
4. Suffixed form *bhondh-o‑. bund¹; cummerbund, from Old Iranian banda‑, bond, fetter.
5. Zero-grade form *bhn̥dh‑.
   1. bund², from Middle High German bunt, league;
   2. bundle, from Middle Dutch bondel, sheaf of papers, bundle. Both a and b from Germanic *bund‑.

[Pokorny bhendh‑ 127.]

‌‌bher-¹
To carry; also to bear children.
Derivatives include birth, fertile, suffer, furtive, and metaphor.

1. 1. 1. bear¹, from Old English beran, to carry;
      2. forbear¹, from Old English forberan, to bear, endure (for‑, for‑; see per¹). Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *beran.
   2. bier, from Old English bēr, bǣr, bier, and Old French biere bier, both from Germanic *bērō;
   3. bore³, from Old Norse bāra, wave, billow, from Germanic *bēr‑.
2. 1. bairn, from Old English bearn, child, from Germanic *barnam;
   2. barrow¹, from Old English bearwe, basket, wheelbarrow, from Germanic *barwōn‑.
3. 1. burly, from Old English *borlic, excellent, exalted (< "borne up"), from Germanic *bur‑;
   2. burden, from Old English byrthen, burden, from Germanic *burthinja‑;
   3. birth, from a source akin to Old Norse burdhr, birth, from Germanic *burthiz;
   4. birr¹, from Old Norse byrr, favorable wind, perhaps from Germanic *burja‑.
4. Compound root *bhrenk‑, to bring (< *bher‑ + *enk‑, to reach; see nek-²). bring, from Old English bringan, to bring, from Germanic *brengan.
5. -fer, fertile; afferent, circumference, confer, defer¹, defer², differ, efferent, infer, offer, prefer, proffer, refer, suffer, transfer, vociferate, from Latin ferre, to carry.
6. Prefixed and suffixed zero-grade form *pro-bhr-o‑, "something brought before one" (*pro‑, before; see per¹). opprobrium, from Latin probrum, a reproach.
7. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *bhr̥-tu‑ in Latin words having to do with "chance" (? < "a bringing, that which is brought").
   1. fortuitous, from Latin fortuītus, happening by chance;
   2. Fortuna, fortune, from Latin fortūna, chance, good luck, fortune, and Fortūna, goddess of good fortune.
8. Probably lengthened o-grade form *bhōr‑. ferret¹, furtive, furuncle; furunculosis, from Latin fūr, thief.
9. feretory, -phore, -phoresis, -phorous; amphora, anaphora, diaphoresis, euphoria, metaphor, periphery, pheromone, telpher, tocopherol, from Greek pherein, to carry, with o-grade noun phoros, a carrying.
10. paraphernalia, from Greek phernē, dowry ("something brought by a bride").
11. sambal, from Sanskrit bharati, he carries, brings.

[Pokorny 1. bher‑ 128.]

‌‌bher-²
Bright, brown.

1. Suffixed variant form *bhrū-no‑.
   1. brown, from Old English brūn, brown;
   2. bruin, from Middle Dutch bruun;
   3. brunet, burnet, burnish, from Old French brun, shining, brown. a-c all from Germanic *brūnaz.
2. Reduplicated form *bhibhru‑, *bhebhru‑, "the brown animal," beaver. beaver¹, from Old English be(o)for, beaver, from Germanic *bebruz.
3. bear², from Old English bera, bear, from Germanic *berō, "the brown animal," bear.
4. berserker, perhaps from Old Norse björn, bear, from Germanic *bernuz.

[Pokorny 5. bher‑ 136.]

‌‌bherəg-
To shine; bright, white. Oldest form *bherh_xgibreve;‑, becoming *bherh_xg‑ in centum languages.

1. bright, from Old English beorht, bright, from Germanic *berhtaz, bright.
2. "The white tree," the birch (also the ash).
   1. birch, birk, from Old English birc(e), birch, from Germanic *birkjōn‑;
   2. probably suffixed zero-grade form *bhrag-s‑. fraxinella, from Latin fraxinus, ash tree.

[Pokorny bherəg̑‑ 139.]

‌‌bhergh-¹
To hide, protect. Oldest form *bherg̑h‑, becoming *bhergh‑ in centum languages.

1. 1. Germanic compound *h(w)als-berg‑ (see k^wel-¹);
   2. Germanic compound *skēr-berg‑ (see sker-¹). Both a and b from Germanic *bergan, to protect.
2. Zero-grade form *bhr̥gh‑.
   1. bury, from Old English byrgan, to bury, from Germanic *burgjan;
   2. burial, from Old English byrgels, burial, from Germanic derivative *burgisli‑.
3. 1. borrow, from Old English borgian, to borrow, from Germanic *borgēn, to pledge, lend, borrow;
   2. bargain, from Old French bargaignier, to haggle, from Germanic derivative *borganjan.

[Pokorny bherg̑h‑ 145.]

‌‌bhergh-²
High; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. Oldest form *bherg̑h‑, becoming *bhergh‑ in centum languages.
Derivatives include iceberg, bourgeois, burglar, force, and fortify.

1. 1. barrow², from Old English beorg, hill;
   2. iceberg, from Middle Dutch bergh, mountain;
   3. inselberg, from Old High German berg, mountain;
   4. Germanic compound *harja-bergaz (see koro-). a-d all from Germanic *bergaz, hill, mountain.
2. belfry, from Old French berfroi, tower, from Germanic compound *berg-frij‑, "high place of safety," tower (*frij‑, peace, safety; see prī-).
3. Zero-grade form *bhr̥gh‑.
   1. borough, burg, from Old English burg, burh, byrig, (fortified) town;
   2. burgomaster, from Middle Dutch burch, town;
   3. bourg, bourgeois, burgess, burglar; faubourg, from Late Latin burgus, fortified place, and Old French burg, borough;
   4. burgher, from Old High German burgāri, townsman, from Germanic compound *burg-warōn‑, "city protector" (*warōn‑, protector; see wer-⁴). a-d all from Germanic *burgs, hill-fort.
4. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *bhr̥gh-to‑. force, fort, fortalice, forte¹, forte², fortis, fortissimo, fortitude, fortress; comfort, deforce, effort, enforce, fortify, panforte, pianoforte, reinforce, from Latin fortis, strong (but this is also possibly from dher-).

[Pokorny bhereg̑h‑ 140.]

‌‌bhes-
To breathe. Probably imitative. Zero-grade form *bhs‑.

psyche¹, psychic, psycho-; metempsychosis, from Greek psūkhē, spirit, soul, from psūkhein (< *bhs-ū-kh‑), to breathe.

[Pokorny 2. bhes‑ 146.]

‌‌bheudh-
To be aware, to make aware.
Derivatives include bid, forbid, and Buddha.²

1. 1. bid, from Old English bēodan, to proclaim;
   2. forbid, from Old English forbēodan, to forbid;
   3. verboten, from Old High German farbiotan, to forbid. a-c all from Germanic *(for)beudan (*for, before; see per¹).
2. bode¹, from Old English bodian, to announce, from boda, messenger, from Germanic *budōn‑.
3. beadle, from Old English bydel, herald, messenger, and Old High German butil, herald, both from Germanic *budilaz, herald.
4. ombudsman, from Old Norse bodh, command, from Germanic *budam.
5. Buddha²; bodhisattva, bodhi tree, bo tree, from Sanskrit bodhati, he awakes, is enlightened, becomes aware, and bodhiḥ, perfect knowledge.
6. Suffixed zero-grade form bhudh-to‑. Buddha², from Sanskrit buddhaḥ, awakened, enlightened.

[Pokorny bheudh‑ 150.]

‌‌bheuə-
Also bheu-.
To be, exist, grow. Oldest form *bheuh_x.
Derivatives include be, husband, imp, physics, future, neighbor, and beam.

1. Extended forms *bhwiy(o)‑, *bhwī‑.
   1. be; forebear, from Old English bēon, to be, from Germanic *biju, I am, will be.
   2. fiat, from Latin fierī, to become.
   3. Possibly suffixed form *bhwī-lyo‑, seen by some as the source of Latin fīlius, son, but this is more likely from dhē(i)-.
2. Lengthened o-grade form *bhōw‑.
   1. bondage, bound⁴; bustle¹, husband, from Old Norse būa, to live, prepare, and būask, to make oneself ready (-sk, reflexive suffix; see s(w)e-);
   2. Bauhaus, from Old High German būan, to dwell;
   3. booth, from Middle English bothe, market stall, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Danish bōth, dwelling, stall. a-c from Germanic *bōwan.
3. Zero-grade form *bhu‑.
   1. 1. build, from Old English byldan, to build, from bold, dwelling, house, from Germanic *buthla‑;
      2. boodle, from Middle Dutch bōdel, riches, property, from alternate Germanic form *bōthla.
   2. physic, physics, physio-, physique, -phyte, phyto-, phyton; apophysis, diaphysis, diphyodont, epiphysis, euphuism, hypophysis, imp, Monophysite, neophyte, periphyton, symphysis, tracheophyte, from Greek phuein, to bring forth, make grow, phutos, phuton, a plant, and phusis, growth, nature.
   3. Suffixed form *bhu-tā‑.
      1. eisteddfod, from Welsh bod, to be;
      2. bothy, from Old Irish both, a hut.
   4. Suffixed form *bhu-tu‑. future, from Latin futūrus, "that is to be," future.
4. Zero-grade form *bhū‑ (< *bhuə‑).
   1. 1. bower¹, from Old English būr, "dwelling space," bower, room;
      2. neighbor, from Old English gebūr, dweller (ge‑, collective prefix; see kom);
      3. Boer, boor, from Middle Dutch gheboer, ghebuer, peasant. a-c all from Germanic *būram, dweller, especially farmer.
   2. byre, from Old English bȳre, stall, hut, from Germanic *būrjam, dwelling.
   3. bylaw, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse bȳr, settlement, from Germanic *būwi‑.
   4. Suffixed form *bhū-lo‑. phyle, phyletic, phylum; phylogeny, from Greek phūlon, tribe, class, race, and phūlē, tribe, clan.
5. Zero-grade reduced suffixal form *-bhw‑, in Latin compounds.
   1. Latin dubius, doubtful, and dubitāre, to doubt, from *du-bhw-io‑ (see dwo-).
   2. Latin probus, upright, from *pro-bhw-o‑, "growing well or straightforward" (see per¹).
   3. Latin superbus, superior, proud, from *super-bhw-o‑, "being above" (see uper).
6. Possibly Germanic *baumaz (and *bagmaz), tree (? < "growing thing").
   1. beam, from Old English bēam, tree, beam;
   2. boom², from Middle Dutch boom, tree;
   3. bumpkin¹, bumpkin², from Flemish boom, tree.

[Pokorny bheu‑ 146.]

‌‌bheug-
To bend; with derivatives referring to bent, pliable, or curved objects.
Derivatives include bagel, buxom, and bog.

1. Variant form *bheugh‑ in Germanic *beug‑.
   1. 1. bee², from Old English bēag, a ring;
      2. bagel, from Old High German boug, a ring. Both a and b from Germanic *baugaz.
   2. 1. bow³; akimbo, from Old English boga, a bow, arch;
      2. Germanic compound *elino-bugōn‑ (see el-);
      3. bow¹, from a source akin to Middle Low German boog, bow of a boat;
      4. bowline, bowsprit, from Middle Low German bōch, bow of a boat. a-d all from Germanic *bugōn‑.
   3. bow², buxom, from Old English būgan, to bend, from Germanic būgan.
   4. bail³, from Middle English beil, a handle, perhaps from Old English *bēgel or from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Swedish *böghil, both from Germanic *baugil‑.
   5. bight, from Old English byht, a bend, angle, from Germanic *buhtiz.
2. bog, from Scottish and Irish Gaelic bog, soft, from Celtic *buggo‑, "flexible.".

[Pokorny 3. bheug‑ 152.]

‌‌bhlē-
To blow. Contracted from *bhleh₁‑, or possibly lengthened grade *bhlēh₂‑ from alternative root *bhleh₂‑. Possibly identical to bhel-³ II*bhlē‑ above.
Derivatives include blaze³, flatus, and flavor.

1. blow¹, from Old English blāwan, to blow, from Germanic suffixed form *blē-w‑.
2. 1. bladder, from Old English blǣdre, blister, bladder;
   2. blather, from Old Norse bladhra (noun), bladder, and bladhra (verb), to prattle. Both a and b from Germanic suffixed form *blēdram, "something blown up.".
3. 1. blast, from Old English blǣst, a blowing, blast;
   2. isinglass, from Middle Dutch blas(e), a bladder;
   3. blasé, blaze³, from Middle Dutch blāsen, to blow up, swell. a-c all from Germanic extended form *blēs‑.
4. Zero-grade form *bhl̥ə‑ (> *bhlā‑) flabellum, flageolet, flatulent, flatus, flavor; afflatus, conflate, deflate, inflate, insufflate, soufflé, from Latin flāre, to blow.

[In Pokorny 3. bhel‑ 120.]

‌‌bhleu-
To swell, well up, overflow. Extension of bhel-².

1. Possibly Germanic *blaut‑. bloat, from Old Norse blautr, soft, wet.
2. Extended form *bhleug^w‑. fluctuate, fluent, fluid, flume, fluor, fluoro-, flush², fluvial, flux; affluent, confluent, effluent, effluvium, efflux, fluoride, fluviomarine, influence, influenza, influx, mellifluous, reflux, solifluction, superfluous, from Latin fluere, to flow, and -fluus, flowing.
3. Zero-grade form *bhlu‑. phlyctena, from Greek phlūein, phlūzein, to boil over.
4. Possibly Greek phloos, phloios, tree bark (< "swelling with growth") phloem.

[Pokorny bhleu‑ 158.]

‌‌bhoso-
Naked.

1. bare¹, from Old English bær, bare;
2. ballast, from Old Swedish and Old Danish bar, bare;
3. berserker, perhaps from Old Norse berr, bare. a-c all from Germanic *bazaz.

[Pokorny bhoso-s 163.]

‌‌bhrāter-
Brother, male agnate.

1. 1. brother, from Old English brōthor, brother;
   2. bully¹, from Middle Dutch broeder, brother. Both a and b from Germanic *brōthar‑.
2. Fra, fraternal, fraternity, fraternize, friar; confrere, fratricide, from Latin frāter, brother.
3. phratry, from Greek phrātēr, fellow member of a clan.
4. pal, from Sanskrit bhrātā, bhrātar‑, brother.

[Pokorny bhrāter‑ 163.]

‌‌bhreg-
To break.
Derivatives include breach, fraction, frail¹, infringe, and suffrage.

1. 1. break, from Old English brecan, to break;
   2. breach, from Old English brēc, a breaking;
   3. brash², breccia, from Italian breccia, breccia, rubble, breach in a wall, from Old High German *brehha, from brehhan, to break;
   4. bray², from Old French breier, to break;
   5. brioche, from Old French brier, dialectal variant of broyer, to knead. a-e all from Germanic *brekan.
2. 1. bracken, brake⁴, from Middle English brake(n), bracken, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse *brakni, undergrowth;
   2. brake⁵, from Middle Low German brake, thicket. Both a and b from Germanic *brak‑, bushes (< "that which impedes motion").
3. brake², from Middle Low German brake, flax brake, from Germanic *brāk‑, crushing instruments.
4. Nasalized zero-grade form *bhr̥-n-g‑. fractal, fracted, fraction, fractious, fracture, fragile, fragment, frail¹, frangible; anfractuous, chamfer, defray, diffraction, infract, infrangible, infringe, irrefrangible, ossifrage, refract, refrain², refringent, sassafras, saxifrage, from Latin frangere, to break.
5. 1. suffragan, suffrage, from Latin suffrāgium, the right to vote, from suffrāgārī, to vote for (? < "to use a broken piece of tile as a ballot");
   2. irrefragable, from Latin refrāgārī, to vote against.

[Pokorny 1. bhreg̑‑ 165 (butg̑ not on good evidence).]

‌‌bhreu-
Also bhreuə‑, bhreəu-.
To boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing. Oldest form *bhreuh₁‑.
Derivatives include brew, bread, broth, brood, breed, ferment, and fervent.

1. 1. brew, from Old English brēowan, to brew, from Germanic *breuwan, to brew.
   2. bread, from Old English brēad, piece of food, bread, from Germanic *braudam, (cooked) food, (leavened) bread.
   3. 1. broth, from Old English broth, broth;
      2. broil²; embroil, imbroglio, from Vulgar Latin *brodum, broth. Both a and b from Germanic *brudam, broth.
2. Variant form *bhrē‑ (from *bhreə‑).
   1. 1. brood, from Old English brōd, offspring, brood;
      2. breed, from Old English brēdan, to beget or cherish offspring, breed, from Germanic denominative *brōdjan, to rear young. Both a and b from Germanic derivative *brōd-ō, "a warming," hatching, rearing of young.
   2. 1. bratwurst, sauerbraten, from Old High German brāt, brāto, roast meat;
      2. brawn, from Old French braon, meat. Both a and b from Germanic derivative *brēd-ōn‑, roast flesh. Both 1 and 2 from Germanic *brēdan, to warm.
3. Variant form *bhres‑.
   1. braise, braze², brazier², breeze², bresaola, from Old French brese, burning coal, ember;
   2. braciola, from Italian dialectal braṣa, burning coal
   3. brazilwood, from Old Spanish brasa, burning coals. a-c all from Germanic *bres‑.
4. Reduced form *bher‑, especially in derivatives referring to fermentation.
   1. 1. Suffixed form *bher-men‑, yeast. barm, barmy, from Old English beorma, yeast, from Germanic *bermōn‑;
      2. further suffixed form *bhermen-to‑. ferment, from Latin fermentum, yeast.
   2. Extended form *bherw‑. fervent, fervid, fervor; defervescence, effervesce, from Latin fervēre, to be boiling or fermenting.
5. As a very archaic word for a spring.
   1. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhru-n(e)n‑. bourn¹, burn², from Old English burn, burna, spring, stream, from Germanic *brunnōn‑.
   2. Suffixed form *bhrēw-r̥. phreatic, from Greek phrear, spring.

[Pokorny bh(e)reu‑ 143, 2.bher‑ 132.]

‌‌bhrū-
Eyebrow. Oldest form *bhruh_x‑, becoming *bhrū.

1. brow, from Old English brū‑, eyebrow, eyelid, eyelash, from Germanic *brūs.
2. Possibly in the sense of a beam of wood, and perhaps a log bridge. bridge¹, from Old English brycg(e), bridge, from Germanic *brugjō (with cognates in Celtic and Slavic).

[Pokorny 1. bhrū‑ 172, 2.bhrū‑ 173.]

‌‌dā-
To divide. Oldest form *deh₂‑, colored to *dah₂‑, becoming *dā‑.
Derivatives include democracy, epidemic, demon, and time.

1. Suffixed form *dā-mo‑, perhaps "division of society." deme, demos, demotic; demagogue, demiurge, democracy, demography, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, from Greek dēmos, people, land.
2. Variant *dai‑, from extended form *daəi‑, with zero-grade *dī‑ (< *diə‑, metathesized from *dəi‑).
   1. Root form *dai‑. geodesy, from Greek daiesthai, to divide.
   2. Suffixed form *dai-mon‑, divider, provider. daimon, demon, from Greek daimōn, divinity.
   3. Suffixed variant form *dī-ti‑.
      1. tide¹; eventide, from Old English tīd, time, season;
      2. tide², from Old English denominative tīdan, to happen (< "to occur in time");
      3. tidings, from Old Norse tīdhr, occurring;
      4. Yahrzeit, zeitgeber, Zeitgeist, from Old High German zīt, time. a-d all from Germanic *tīdiz, division of time.
   4. Suffixed variant form *dī-mon‑. time, from Old English tīma, time, period, from Germanic *tīmōn‑.

[Pokorny dā : də‑ 175.]

‌‌dail-
To divide. Northern Indo-European root extended from *da(h₂)i‑ (see dā-).

1. deal¹, from Old English dǣlan, to share, from Germanic *dailjan.
2. dole¹, from Old English dāl, portion, lot, from Germanic *dailaz.
3. ordeal, from Old English ordāl, trial by ordeal, from Germanic prefixed form *uz-dailjam, "a portioning out," judgment (*uz‑, out; see ud-).
4. firkin, from Middle Dutch deel, part, from Germanic *dailiz.

[In Pokorny dā : də‑ 175.]

‌‌daiwer-
Husband's brother.

levirate, from Latin lēvir, husband's brother.

[Pokorny dāiu̯ēr 179.]

‌‌dakru-
Tear. Oldest form *dak̑ru‑, becoming *dakru‑ in centum languages.

1. 1. tear², from Old English tēar, tehher, tear;
   2. train oil, from Middle Dutch trane, tear, drop. Both a and b from Germanic *tahr‑, *tagr‑.
2. Suffixed form *dakru-mā‑. lachrymal, from Latin lacrima (Archaic Latin dacruma), tear.

[Pokorny dak̑ru‑ 179.]

‌‌de-
Demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs.

1. Form *dō (possibly instrumental).
   1. 1. to, too, from Old English tō, to;
      2. tsimmes, from Old High German zuo, ze, to;
      3. tattoo¹, from Middle Dutch toe, to, shut. (i)-(iii) all from Germanic *tō.
   2. Italic *dō in compound *k^wām-dō (see k^wo-).
2. Form *dē (possibly instrumental), perhaps source of forms meaning "from, out of."
   1. de-, from Latin dē, dē‑, from;
   2. deteriorate, from Latin dēterior, worse, from suffixed form *dē-tero‑;
   3. compound *dē-bel-i‑ (see bel-);
   4. Celtic *dī, from, in compound *eks-dī-sedo‑ (see sed-).

[Pokorny de‑ 181.]

‌‌deik-
To show, pronounce solemnly; also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects. Oldest form *deik̑‑, becoming *deik‑ in centum languages.
Derivatives include teach, toe, addict, preach, judge, revenge, and disk.

1. Variant *deig‑.
   1. O-grade form *doig‑.
      1. teach, from Old English tǣcan, to show, instruct, from Germanic *taikjan, to show;
      2. 1. token, from Old English tācen, tācn, sign, mark;
         2. betoken, from Old English tācnian, to signify;
         3. tetchy, from Gothic taikns, sign;
         4. tachisme, from Old French tache, teche, mark, stain. (i)-(iv) all from Germanic *taiknam.
   2. Zero-grade form *dig‑. digit, from Latin digitus, finger (< "pointer," "indicator").
2. Basic form *deik‑.
   1. Possibly o-grade form *doik‑. toe, from Old English tā, tahe, toe, from Germanic *taihwō.
   2. Basic form *deik‑. dictate, diction, dictum, ditto, ditty; addict, benediction, condition, contradict, edict, fatidic, herb bennet, indict, indiction, indite, interdict, juridical, jurisdiction, maledict, malison, predict, valediction, verdict, veridical, voir dire, from Latin dīcere, to say, tell.
   3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dik-ā‑. abdicate, dedicate, preach, predicament, predicate, from Latin dicāre, to proclaim.
   4. Agential suffix *-dik‑.
      1. index, indicate, from Latin index, indicator, forefinger (in‑, toward; see en);
      2. judge, judicial; prejudice, from Latin iūdex (< *yewes-dik‑), judge, "one who shows or pronounces the law" (iūs, law; see yewes-);
      3. vendetta, vindicate; avenge, revenge, from Latin vindex (first element obscure), surety, claimant, avenger.
   5. deictic, deixis; apodictic, paradigm, policy², from Greek deiknunai, to show, and noun deigma (*deik-mn̥), sample, pattern.
   6. Zero-grade form *dik‑. disk; dictyosome, from suffixed form *dik-skos, from Greek dikein, to throw (< "to direct an object").
   7. Form *dikā‑. dicast; syndic, theodicy, from Greek dikē, justice, right, court case.

[Pokorny deik̑‑ 188.]

‌‌dek-
To take, accept. Oldest form *dek̑‑, becoming *dek‑ in centum languages.
Derivatives include decent, paradox, and disdain.

1. Suffixed (stative) form *dek-ē‑. decent, from Latin decēre, to be fitting (< "to be acceptable").
2. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *dok-eye‑.
   1. docent, docile, doctor, doctrine, document, from Latin docēre, to teach (< "to cause to accept");
   2. dogma, dogmatic; chionodoxa, Docetism, doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox, from Greek dokein, to appear, seem, think (< "to cause to accept or be accepted").
3. Suffixed form *dek-es‑.
   1. décor, decorate, from Latin decus, grace, ornament;
   2. decorous, from Latin decor, seemliness, elegance, beauty.
4. Suffixed form *dek-no‑. dainty, deign, dignity; condign, dignify, disdain, indign, indignant, indignation, from Latin dignus, worthy, deserving, fitting.
5. Reduplicated form *di-dk-ske‑. disciple, discipline, from Latin discere, to learn.
6. dowel, pandect, synecdoche, from Greek dekhesthai, to accept.
7. Suffixed o-grade form *dok-o‑. diplodocus, from Greek dokos, beam, support.

[Pokorny 1. dek̑‑ 189.]

‌‌dekm̥
Ten. Oldest form *dek̑m̥, becoming *dekm̥ in centum languages.
Derivatives include ten, December, decimate, dean, hundred, century, and hecatomb.

1. Basic form *dekm̥.
   1. 1. ten, from Old English tīen, ten;
      2. Old Norse tjan, ten, in compound āttjān (see oktō(u)). Both a and b from Germanic *tehun.
   2. eighteen, fifteen, fourteen, nineteen, seventeen, sixteen, thirteen, from Old English suffix -tēne, -tīne, -tȳne, ten, -teen, from Germanic *tehan.
   3. deci-, decimal, decimate, decuple, decurion, dicker, dime; December, decemvir, decennary, decennium, decussate, dozen, duodecimal, octodecimo, sextodecimo, from Latin decem, ten.
   4. denarius, denary, denier², dinar, from irregular Latin distributive dēnī, by tens, ten each (formed by analogy with nōnī, nine each).
   5. dean, deca-, decade, doyen; decagon, Decalogue, dodecagon, from Greek deka, ten.
2. Germanic *tigu‑, ten, decad (of uncertain formation, as though < *deku‑), in compound *twēgentig (see dwo-).
3. Ordinal number *dekm̥to‑. tenth, tithe, from Old English teogotha, tēotha, tenth, from Germanic *teguntha‑.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *-dkm̥-tā̆, reduced to *-km̥tā̆, and lengthened o-grade form *-dkōm-tā̆, reduced to *-kontā̆.
   1. nonagenarian, octogenarian, Septuagint, sexagenary, from Latin -gintā, ten times.
   2. Pentecost, from Greek *-konta, ten times.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *dkm̥-tom, hundred, reduced to *km̥tom.
   1. hundred, from Old English hundred, from dialectal North and West Germanic *hund(a)-rada‑ (-rada‑, from Germanic *radam, number; see ar-), from Germanic *hundam, hundred.
   2. Germanic compound *thūs-hundi, "swollen hundred," thousand (see teuə-).
   3. cent, cental, centavo, centenarian, centenary, centesimal, centi-, centime, centner, centum, century; centennial, cinquecento, percent, quattrocento, seicento, sen², seniti, sexcentenary, trecento, from Latin centum, hundred.
   4. hecatomb, hecto-, from Greek hekaton, a hundred (? dissimilated from *hem-katon, one hundred; *hem‑, one; see sem-¹).
   5. satem, from Avestan satəm, hundred.

[Pokorny dek̑m̥ 191.]
See also compound root wīkm̥tī-.

‌‌deks-
Right (opposite left); hence, south (from the viewpoint of one facing east). Oldest form *dek̑s‑, becoming *deks‑ in centum languages. Suffixed form *deks(i)-tero‑.

destrier, dexter, dexterity, dextro-; ambidextrous, from Latin dexter, right, on the right side.

[In Pokorny 1. dek̑‑ 189.]
Compare ner-¹.

‌‌del-¹
Long.
Derivatives include linger, Lent, longitude, and lunge.

1. Probably extended and suffixed zero-grade form *dlon-gho‑.
   1. 1. long¹; along, longshore, from Old English lang, long, long;
      2. langlauf, from Old High German lang, long;
      3. belong, from Old English gelang, along;
      4. long², from Old English denominative langian, to grow longer, yearn for, from Germanic *langōn;
      5. linger, from Old English lengan, to prolong (possibly influenced by Old Norse lengja, to lengthen), from Germanic *langjan, to make long;
      6. Lombard, from Latin compound Longobardus, Langobardus (with Germanic ethnic name *Bardi). a-f all from Germanic *langaz, long.
   2. 1. length, from Old English lengthu, length;
      2. Lent, from Old English lengten, lencten, spring, Lent, from West Germanic *langitinaz, lengthening of day;
      3. ling¹, from Middle English lenge, ling, ling, from a Low German source akin to Dutch lenghe, linghe, "long one." a-c all from Germanic abstract noun *langithō.
   3. longeron, longitude, lounge; eloign, elongate, longevity, lunge, oblong, prolong, purloin, from Latin longus, long.
2. Possibly suffixed variant form *dl̥ə-gho‑. dolichocephalic, dolichocranial, from Greek dolikhos, long.

[Pokorny 5. del‑ 196.]

‌‌del-²
To recount, count. O-grade form *dol‑.

1. tell¹, from Old English tellan, to count, recount, from Germanic *taljan.
2. tall, from Old English getæl, quick, ready, from West Germanic *(ge‑)tala‑.
3. 1. tale, from Old English talu, story;
   2. Taal², from Middle Dutch tāle, speech, language. Both a and b from Germanic *talō.
4. talk, from Middle English talken, to talk, from a source probably akin to Old English denominative talian, to tell, relate.
5. Perhaps Greek dolos, ruse, snare dolerite, sedulous.

[Pokorny 1. del‑ 193.]

‌‌dem-
House, household.
Derivatives include dome, domestic, and timber.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *dom-o‑, *dom-u‑, house.
   1. dome, domestic, domicile; major-domo, from Latin domus, house;
   2. suffixed form *dom-o-no‑. dame, Dan², danger, Dom, domain, domaine, dominate, dominical, dominie, dominion, domino¹, domino², don¹, Donna, dungeon; belladonna, duende, Madam, Madame, Mademoiselle, Madonna, predominate, from Latin dominus, master of a household (feminine domina).
2. Possibly suffixed lengthened-grade form *dōm-n̥. dome, from Greek dōma, house.
3. Compound *dems-pot‑, "house-master" (*-pot‑, powerful; see poti-). despot, from Greek despotēs.
4. Root form *dem(ə₂)‑, to build (possibly a separate root).
   1. timber, from Old English timber, building material, lumber, from Germanic *timram;
   2. toft, from Old Norse topt, homestead, from Germanic *tumftō.

[Pokorny dem‑ 198.]

‌‌demə-
To constrain, force, especially to break in (horses). Oldest form *demh₂‑.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *dom(ə)-o‑. tame, from Old English tam, domesticated, from Germanic *tamaz.
2. O-grade form *domə‑. daunt; indomitable, from Latin domāre, to tame, subdue.
3. Zero-grade form *dm̥ə‑. adamant, diamond, from Greek damān, to tame (> adamās, unconquerable, from *n̥-dm̥ə-nt‑).

[Pokorny (demə‑) 199.]

‌‌dent-
Tooth. Originally *h₁d-ent‑, "biting," present participle of ed- in the earlier meaning "to bite."

1. O-grade form *dont‑. tooth, from Old English tōth, tooth, from Germanic *tanthuz.
2. Zero-grade form *dn̥t‑. tusk, from Old English tūsc, tūx, canine tooth, from Germanic *tunth-sk‑.
3. Full-grade form *dent‑. dental, dentate, denti-, denticle, dentist; dandelion, edentate, edentulous, indent¹, indenture, trident, from Latin dēns (stem dent‑), tooth.
4. O-grade variant form *ədont‑, ultimately becoming odont‑ in Greek -odon, -odont, odonto-; dimetrodon, diprotodon, mastodon, from Greek odōn, odous, tooth.

[In Pokorny ed‑ 287.]

‌‌der-
To split, peel, flay; with derivatives referring to skin and leather.

1. tear¹, from Old English teran, to tear, from Germanic *teran.
2. tart¹, from Old English teart, sharp, severe, from Germanic *ter-t‑.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dr̥-tom, "something separated or discarded." turd, from Old English tord, turd, from Germanic *turdam, turd.
4. Reduplicated form *de-dr-u‑. tetter, from Old English tet(e)r, eruption, skin disease.
5. Suffixed form *der-mn̥. -derm, derma¹, -derma, dermato-; epidermis, from Greek derma, skin.
6. dahl, Dalit, dhurrie, from Sanskrit darati, he splits.

[Pokorny 4. der‑ 206.]

‌‌derk-
To see. Oldest form *derk̑‑, becoming *derk‑ in centum languages.

Suffixed zero-grade form *dr̥k-on(t)‑. dragon, dragoon, drake², tarragon; rankle, from Greek drakō, serpent, dragon (< "monster with the evil eye").

[Pokorny derk̑‑ 213.]

‌‌deru-
Also dreu-.
To be firm, solid, steadfast; hence specialized senses "wood," "tree," and derivatives referring to objects made of wood.
Derivatives include tree, trust, betroth, endure, and druid.

1. Suffixed variant form *drew-o‑.
   1. tree, from Old English trēow, tree, from Germanic *trewam;
   2. truce, from Old English trēow, pledge, from Germanic *treuwō.
2. Variant form dreu‑.
   1. true, from Old English trēowe, firm, true;
   2. trow, from Old English trēowian, trūwian, to trust;
   3. trig¹, from Old Norse tryggr, firm, true;
   4. troth, truth; betroth, from Old English trēowth, faith, loyalty, truth, from Germanic abstract noun *treuwithō;
   5. trust, from Old Norse traust, confidence, firmness, from Germanic abstract noun *traustam;
   6. tryst, from Old French triste, waiting place (< "place where one waits trustingly"), probably from a source akin to Old Norse denominative treysta, to trust, make firm. a-f all from Germanic *treuwaz.
3. Variant form *drou‑. tray, from Old English trēg, trīg, wooden board, from Germanic *traujam.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-ko‑.
   1. trough, from Old English trog, wooden vessel, tray;
   2. trug, from Old Norse trog, trough. Both a and b from Germanic *trugaz.
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-mo‑.
   1. trim, from Old English trum, firm, strong;
   2. shelter, from Old English truma, troop. Both a and b from Germanic *trum‑.
6. Variant form *derw‑. tar¹, from Old English te(o)ru, resin, pitch (obtained from the pine tree), from Germanic *terw‑.
7. Suffixed variant form *drū-ro‑. dour, duramen, duress, durum; durain, dura mater, endure, indurate, obdurate, from Latin dūrus, hard (many of whose English derivatives represent a semantic cross with Latin dūrāre, to last long; see deuə-).
8. Lengthened zero-grade form *drū‑. drupe, dryad; Dryopithecus, germander, hamadryad, from Greek drūs, oak.
9. Reduplicated form *der-drew‑, dissimilated with suffix in *der-drew-on. dendro-, dendron; philodendron, rhododendron, from Greek dendron, tree.
10. druid, from Latin druides, druids, probably from Celtic compound *dru-wid‑, "strong seer" (*wid‑, seeing; see weid-), the Celtic priestly caste.
11. O-grade form *doru‑. deodar, from Sanskrit dāru, wood, timber.

[Pokorny deru‑ 214.]

‌‌deu-¹
To lack, be wanting.

1. Possibly suffixed form *deu-s‑.
   1. tire¹, from Old English tēorian, tyrian, to fail, tire (< "to fall behind"), from Germanic *teuzōn;
   2. deontology, from Greek dein, to lack, want.
2. Suffixed form *deu-tero‑. deutero-; deuteragonist, deuterium, Deuteronomy, from Greek deuteros, "missing," next, second.

[Pokorny 3. deu‑ 219.] (For suffixed zero-grade form *du-s‑, combining form of *dew-es‑, a lack, see dus-.) [In Pokorny 3.deu‑ 219.]

‌‌deu-²
To do, perform, show favor, revere.
Derivatives include embellish, and dynamite.

1. Suffixed form *dw-eno‑. bonbon, bonito, bonny, bonus, boon², bounty; bonanza, bonhomie, debonair, from Latin bonus, good (< "useful, efficient, working").
2. Adverbial form *dw-enē. benediction, benefaction, benefactor, benefic, beneficence, benefit, benevolent, benign, ben trovato, herb bennet, from Latin bene, well.
3. Diminutive *dw-en-elo‑. beau, beauty, belle; beldam, belladonna, belvedere, embellish, from Latin bellus, handsome, pretty, fine.
4. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *dw-eye‑. beatitude; beatific, beatify, from Latin beāre, to make blessed.
5. Possible (but unlikely for formal and semantic reasons) suffixed zero-grade form *du-nə‑. dynamic, dynamite, dynast, dynasty; aerodyne, from Greek dunasthai, to be able.

[Pokorny 2. (deu‑) 218.]

‌‌deuə-
Also dwaə-.
Long (in duration). Oldest form *deuh₂‑ with variant (metathesized) *dweh₂‑, the latter colored to *dwah₂‑, becoming *dwā‑. Suffixed zero-grade form *dū-ro‑ (< *duə-ro‑, oldest form *duh₂-ro‑).

durable, durance, duration, during; perdurable, thermoduric, from Latin dūrāre, to last.

[In Pokorny 3. deu‑ 219.]

‌‌deuk-
To lead.
Derivatives include wanton, team, duke, subdue, and educate.

1. 1. tug; wanton, from Old English tēon, to pull, draw, lead;
   2. Zugunruhe, zugzwang, from Old High German ziohan, to pull. Both a and b from Germanic *teuhan.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *duk-ā‑. tow¹, taut, from Old English togian, to draw, drag, from Germanic *tugōn.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *douk-eyo‑. tie, from Old English *tīegan, tīgan, to bind.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *douk-mo‑. team, from Old English tēam, descendant, family, race, brood, team, from Germanic *tau(h)maz.
5. teem¹, from Old English tēman, tīeman, to beget, from Germanic denominative *tau(h)mjan.
6. Basic form *deuk‑. doge, douche, ducal, ducat, duce, duchess, duchy, duct, ductile, duke; abducens, abduct, adduce, aqueduct, circumduction, con³, condottiere, conduce, conduct, deduce, deduct, educe, endue, induce, introduce, produce, redoubt, reduce, seduction, subduction, subdue, traduce, transducer, from Latin dūcere, to lead.
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *duk-ā‑. educate, from Latin ēducāre, to lead out, bring up (ē‑, < ex‑, out; see eghs).

[Pokorny deuk‑ 220.]

‌‌dhē-
To set, put. Oldest form *dheh₁‑, becoming *dhē‑.
Derivatives include deed, doom, fashion, defeat, feckless, sacrifice, satisfy, face, and synthesis.

1. Basic form *dhē‑.
   1. Suffixed form *dhē-ti‑, "thing laid down or done, law, deed." deed; indeed, from Old English dǣd, doing, deed, from Germanic *dēdiz.
   2. Suffixed form *dhē-k‑. theca, tick³; amphithecium, apothecary, apothecium, bibliotheca, bodega, boutique, cleistothecium, endothecium, perithecium, from Greek thēkē, receptacle.
   3. Basic form *dhē‑. bard², purdah, from Old Persian dā‑, to place.
   4. Suffixed form *dhē-to‑, set down, created, in Old Iranian compound *khvatō-dāta‑ (see s(w)e-).
2. O-grade form *dhō‑.
   1. do¹; fordo, from Old English dōn, to do, from Germanic *dōn.
   2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhō-men‑. abdomen, from Latin abdōmen, belly, abdomen, perhaps "part placed away, concealed part" (ab‑, away; see apo-).
   3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhō-mo‑.
      1. doom, from Old English dōm, judgment (< "thing set or put down");
      2. -dom, from Old English -dōm, abstract suffix indicating state, condition, or power;
      3. Old Norse -dōmr, condition, in compound hōrdōmr (see kā-);
      4. duma, dumka, from Russian Duma, Duma, from a Germanic source akin to Gothic dōms, judgment;
      5. deem, from Old English dēman, to judge, from Germanic denominative dōmjan. a-e all from Germanic dōmaz.
   4. Suffixed o-grade form *dhō-t‑ in compound *sakro-dhōt‑ (see sak-).
3. Zero-grade form *dhə‑.
   1. 1. Prefixed form *kom-dhə‑. abscond, incondite, recondite, sconce², from Latin condere, to put together, establish, preserve (*kom, together; see kom);
      2. prefixed and suffixed form *kom-dh(ə)-yo‑. condiment, salmagundi, from Latin condīre, to season, flavor;
      3. compound *kred-dhə‑ (see kerd-);
      4. compound suffixed form *g^wr̥ə-dh(ə)-o‑ (see g^werə-²).
   2. Suffixed zero-grade form dhə-k‑.
      1. -facient, fact, faction¹, -faction, factitious, factitive, factor, factory, faena, fashion, feasible, feat¹, feature, fetish, -fic, -fy, hacienda; affair, affect¹, affect², affection, amplify, artifact, artifice, beatific, benefaction, benefic, benefice, beneficence, benefit, chafe, comfit, confect, confetti, counterfeit, defeasance, defeat, defect, deficient, discomfit, edifice, edify, effect, efficacious, efficient, facsimile, factotum, feckless, forfeit, infect, justify, malefactor, malfeasance, manufacture, misfeasance, modify, mollify, nidify, notify, nullify, officinal, orifice, perfect, petrify, pluperfect, pontifex, prefect, proficient, profit, putrefy, qualify, rarefy, rectify, refect, refectory, rubefacient, sacrifice, satisfy, spinifex, suffice, sufficient, surfeit, tubifex, tumefacient, vivify, from Latin facere (< *fak-yo‑), to do, make, and Latin combining form -fex (< *-fak-s), "maker";
      2. façade, face, facet, facial, facies; deface, efface, surface, from Latin derivative faciēs, shape, face (< "form imposed on something");
      3. office, from Latin compound officium (< *opi-fici-om), service, duty, business, performance of work (*opi‑, work; see op-);
      4. further suffixed form *dhə-k-li‑. facile, facilitate, faculty, difficulty, from Latin facilis (< Archaic Latin facul), feasible, easy.
   3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhə-s‑ (probably identical with zero-grade of dhēs-). nefarious, from Latin fās, divine law, right.
   4. multifarious, omnifarious, from Latin -fāriam, adverbial suffix, as in bifāriam, in two places, parts, double, from *dwi-dh(ə)‑, "making two" (*dwi‑, two; see dwo-).
   5. Reduplicated form *dhi-dhə‑. thesis, thetic; anathema, antithesis, diathesis, epenthesis, epithet, hypothecate, hypothesis, metathesis, parenthesis, prosthesis, prothesis, synthesis, from Greek tithenai, to put, with zero-grade noun thesis (*dhə-ti‑), a placing, and verbal adjective thetos (*dhə-to‑), placed.
   6. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhə-mn̥. thematic, theme; speleothem, from Greek thema, "thing placed," proposition.
   7. Reduplicated form *dhe-dhē‑. samhita, sandhi, from Sanskrit dadhāti, he places (past participle -hita‑, from suffixed zero-grade *dhə-to‑).
   8. Reduced form *dh‑ in compound *au-dh‑ (see au-).

[Pokorny 2. dhē‑ 235.]

‌‌dheg^wh-
To burn, warm.

1. Suffixed o-grade (causative) form *dhog^wh-eyo‑. foment, fomite, from Latin fovē, to warm, cherish, foment.
2. Suffixed basic form dheg^wh-rā‑. tephra, from Greek tephrā, ash.

[Pokorny dheg^u̯h‑ 240.]

‌‌dhē(i)-
To suck. Oldest form *dheh₁(i)‑, becoming *dhē(i)‑.
Derivatives include female, fawn², fetus, fennel, and affiliate.

1. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-mnā‑. female, feminine, femme; effeminate, from Latin fēmina, woman (< "she who suckles").
2. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-to‑. fawn², fetal, fetus; effete, feticide, superfetate, from Latin fētus, pregnancy, childbearing, offspring, with adjective fētus, fēta, pregnant.
3. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-kwondo‑. fecund, from Latin fēcundus, fruitful.
4. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-no‑. fennel, finochio; fenugreek, sainfoin, from Latin fēnum, faenum, hay (< "produce").
5. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *dhī-lyo‑ (< *dhiə-lyo‑) filial, filiation, fils¹; affiliate, hidalgo, from Latin fīlius, son, and fīlia, daughter (but these are conceivably from the root bheuə-).
6. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-lo‑. fellatio, from Latin fēlāre, fellāre, to suck.
7. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-l-īk‑. felicitate, felicity; felicific, infelicity, from Latin fēlīx, fruitful, fertile, lucky, happy.
8. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-lā‑. endothelium, epithelium, mesothelium, from Greek thēlē, nipple.
9. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-l-u‑. theelin, from Greek thēlus, female.

[Pokorny dhē(i)‑ 241.]

‌‌dheigh-
To form, build. Oldest form *dheig̑h‑, becoming *dheigh‑ in centum languages.
Derivatives include dairy, lady, dough, and paradise.

1. dairy, from Old English dǣge, bread kneader, from Germanic *daigjōn‑.
2. lady, from Old English compound hlǣfdige, mistress of a household (< "bread kneader"; hlāf, bread, loaf), from Germanic *dīg‑.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o‑.
   1. dough, from Old English dāg, dough;
   2. teiglach, from Old High German teic, dough. Both a and b from Germanic *daigaz.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhigh-ūrā‑. figure, figurine; configure, disfigure, prefigure, transfigure, from Latin figūra, form, shape (< "result of kneading").
5. Nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-gh‑. fainéant, faint, feign, feint, fictile, fiction, figment; effigy, from Latin fingere, to shape.
6. Probable nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-g(h)‑. thigmotaxis, thixotropy, from Greek thinganein, to touch.
7. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o‑. paradise, from Avestan daēza‑, wall (originally made of clay or mud bricks).

[Pokorny dheig̑h‑ 244.]

‌‌dher-
To hold firmly, support.
Derivatives include infirmary, and throne.

1. Suffixed form *dher-mo‑. farm, fermata, firm¹, firm², firmament; affirm, confirm, furl, infirm, infirmary, from Latin firmus, firm, strong.
2. Perhaps extended form *dhergh‑, seen by some as the source of Latin fortis, strong, but this is more likely from bhergh-².
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhr-ono‑. throne, from Greek thronos, seat, throne (< "support").
4. Suffixed form *dher-mn̥. dharma, from Sanskrit dharma, statute, law (< "that which is established firmly").
5. Suffixed form *dher-eno‑. dharna, from Prakrit dharaṇa, a holding firm.
6. Suffixed o-grade form *dhor-o‑. churidar, sirdar, tahsildar, zamindar, from Iranian dāra‑, holding, whence Persian -dār.

[Pokorny 2. dher‑ 252.]

‌‌dhers-
To venture, be bold. O-grade form *dhors‑ and zero-grade form *dhr̥s‑.

dare, durst, from Old English dearr and durst, first and third person singular present and past indicative of durran, to venture, respectively from Germanic *dors‑ and *durs‑.

[Pokorny dhers‑ 259.]

‌‌dhēs-
Root of words in religious concepts. Oldest form *dheh₁s‑, becoming *dhēs‑. Possibly an extension of dhē-.
Derivatives include feast, fanatic, atheism, and enthusiasm.

1. Suffixed form *dhēs-yā‑. fair², feria, from Latin fēriae (< Archaic Latin fēsiae), holidays.
2. Suffixed form *dhēs-to‑. feast, fest, festal, festival, festive, festoon, fete, fiesta; Oktoberfest, from Latin fēstus, festive.
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhəs-no‑. fanatic; profane, from Latin fānum, temple.
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhəs-o‑. theo-; apotheosis, atheism, enthusiasm, henotheism, pantheon, polytheism, tiffany, from Greek theos (< *thes-os), god.

[Pokorny dhēs‑ 259.]

‌‌dheu-¹
To flow.

1. dew, from Old English dēaw, dew;
2. sundew, from Middle Dutch dau, dew;
3. Germanic compound *melith-dauwaz (see melit-). a-c all from Germanic *dauwaz, dew.

[Pokorny 1. dheu‑ 259.]

‌‌dheu-²
To die. Also dheuə- (oldest form *dheuh₂‑).

1. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-to‑. dead, from Old English dēad, dead, from Germanic *daudaz.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-tu‑. death, from Old English dēath, death, from Germanic *dauthuz.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhow-yo‑. die¹, from Old Norse deyja, to die.
4. Extended zero-grade form *dhuəi‑, metathesized to *dhwiə‑, contracted to *dhwī‑, whence suffixed form *dhwī-no‑. dwindle, from Old English dwīnan, to diminish, languish, from Germanic *dwīnan.

[Pokorny 2. dheu‑ 260. ]
Compare dheuə-.

‌‌dheub-
Also dheubh-.
Deep, hollow.

1. deep, depth, from Old English dēop, deep, from Germanic *deupaz.
2. dip, from Old English dyppan, to immerse, dip, from Germanic expressive denominative *duppjan.
3. Parallel root form *dheubh‑. dive¹, from Old English dȳfan, to dip, and dūfan, to sink, dive, from Germanic verb *dūbjan, from *deub‑, *dub‑.
4. Suffixed parallel root form *dhū̆bh-(o)n‑, with expressive variants. python, Python¹, Typhon, from Greek Pūthōn and Tuphōn, mythical monsters, from *dhub(h)-n‑ and *b(h)ud(h)-n‑, which already in Indo-European were doublets by inversion, referring to "bottom," "foundation," "depths," and the mythological monsters that inhabited them.

[Pokorny dheu-b‑ 267.]

‌‌dheuə-
To close, finish, come full circle. Oldest form *dheuh₂‑. Probably related to dheu-² , "to die."

1. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhū-no‑ (< *dhuə-no‑), enclosed, fortified place; hill-fort.
   1. 1. down¹, down³, from Old English dūn, hill;
      2. dune, from Middle Dutch dūne, sandy hill. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *dūnaz, possibly from *dhū-no‑.
   2. town, from Old English tūn, enclosed place, homestead, village, from Germanic *tūnaz, fortified place, borrowed from Celtic *dū-no‑, hill, stronghold.
2. Suffixed form *dhū-nes‑ (< *dhuə-nes‑) funeral, from Latin fūnus, funeral.

[In Pokorny 4. dheu‑ 261.]

‌‌dheugh-
To produce something of utility.

1. doughty, from Old English dyhtig, dohtig, strong (< "productive"), from Germanic extended form *duht‑.
2. Suffixed form *dheugh-os‑. Heptateuch, Hexateuch, Pentateuch, from Greek teukhos (< *theukhos), gear, anything produced, tool, container, scroll.

[Pokorny dheugh‑ 271.]

‌‌dhghem-
Earth. Oldest form *dhg̑hem‑, becoming *dhghem‑ in centum languages.
Derivatives include bridegroom, chameleon, and homicide.

1. Suffixed zero-grade form *(dh)ghm̥-on‑, "earthling." bridegroom, from Old English guma, man, from Germanic *gumōn‑.
2. O-grade form *dh(e)ghom‑. chthonic; allochthon, autochthon, from Greek khthōn, earth.
3. Zero-grade form *dhghm̥‑. chamaephyte, chameleon, chamomile, germander, from Greek khamai, on the ground.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-o‑. humble, humiliate, humility, humus¹; exhume, inhume, transhumance, from Latin humus, earth.
5. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-on‑, "earthling."
   1. homage, hombre¹, hominid, hominin, Homo, homunculus, ombre, omerta; bonhomie, homicide, from Latin homō, human being, man;
   2. human, humane, from Latin hūmānus, human, kind, humane (in part from dhghem-).
6. Suffixed form *(dh)ghem-yā‑. chernozem, sierozem, zemstvo, from Old Russian zemĭ, land, earth.
7. Full-grade form *(dh)ghem‑. zamindar, from Persian zamīn, earth, land.

[Pokorny g̑hđem‑ 414.]

‌‌dhgh(y)es-
Yesterday. Oldest form *dhg̑h(y)es‑, becoming *dhgh(y)es‑ in centum languages. Suffixed (comparative) form *(dh)ghes-ter‑.

yester-, yesterday, from Old English geostran, giestran, "yester‑," from Germanic *ges-ter‑.

[Pokorny g̑hđi̯és 416.]

‌‌dhīg^w-
To stick, fix.

1. 1. dike¹, ditch, from Old English dīc, trench, moat;
   2. dig, from Middle English diggen, to dig, from a source perhaps akin to Old French digue, trench. Both a and b from Germanic *dīk‑.
2. fibula, fichu, finca, fishgig, fix, fixate, fixity, fixture; affix, antefix, crucify, infibulate, infix, microfiche, prefix, suffix, transfix, from Latin fīgere, to fasten, fix, and from fībula, clasp (shortened from *fīvibula, from fīvere, archaic variant of fīgere).

[Pokorny dhēig^u̯‑ 243.]

‌‌dhreg-
To draw, glide. Oldest form *dhreg̑‑, becoming *dhreg‑ in centum languages.

1. drink, from Old English drincan, to drink, from nasalized Germanic form *drenkan, to draw into the mouth, drink.
2. drench, from Old English drencan, to soak, from nasalized o-grade Germanic causative form *drankjan, "to cause to drink.".
3. drown, from a Scandinavian or late Old English source similar to Old Norse drukkna, to drown, from Germanic zero-grade suffixed form *drunk-nōn.

[Pokorny dhreg̑‑ 273.]

‌‌dhreibh-
To drive, push; snow.

1. drive, drove², from Old English drīfan, to drive, rush, from Germanic *drīban.
2. drift, from Middle English drift, drove, herd, akin to Old Norse drift, snowdrift, and Middle Dutch drift, herd, from Germanic zero-grade suffixed form *driftiz.

[Pokorny dhreibh‑ 274.]

‌‌dhreu-
To fall, flow, drip, droop.
Derivatives include dreary, and drowse.

1. Extended form *dhreus‑. drizzle, from Old English -drysnian (in gedrysnian, to pass away, vanish), from zero-grade Germanic derived verb *drus-inōn.
2. Extended o-grade form *dhrous‑.
   1. dreary, from Old English drēor, flowing blood, from Germanic *drauzaz;
   2. drowse, from Old English drūsian, to be sluggish, from Germanic *drūsjan.
3. Extended zero-grade form *dhrub‑.
   1. drop, from Old English dropa, drop, from Germanic *drupan;
   2. droop, from Old Norse drūpa, to hang down, from Germanic *drūpōn, to let fall;
   3. drip, from Middle English drippen, to drip, drop, from an unattested Old English *dryppan or another source akin to Old English droppa, drop, from Germanic geminated *drupp‑;
   4. Germanic *drup‑, to drip, in compound *obisdrup‑ (see upo-).
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhrubh-yo‑. lithotripter, lithotrity, from Greek thruptein, to crumble.

[Pokorny dhreu‑ 274.]

‌‌dhugəter-
Daughter. Oldest form *dhugh₂ter‑.

daughter, from Old English dohtor, daughter, from Germanic *dohtēr.

[Pokorny dhug(h)əter 277.]

‌‌dhwer-
Door, doorway (usually in plural). Originally an ablauting noun *dhwor, *dhur‑, in the plural, designating the entrance to the enclosure (*dhwor-o‑) surrounding the house proper.
Derivatives include forest, and foreign.

1. Zero-grade form *dhur‑ in suffixed forms *dhur-n̥s (accusative plural) and *dhur-o‑ (neuter) door, from Old English duru, door (feminine, originally plural), and dor, door (neuter), respectively from Germanic *durunz and *duram.
2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-āns (accusative plural) farouche, foreign, vicar forane, from Latin forās, (toward) out of doors, outside.
3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-ois (locative plural) forest; afforest, faubourg, foreclose, forfeit, from Latin forīs, (being) out of doors.
4. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-o‑. forensic, forum, from Latin forum, marketplace (originally the enclosed space around a home).
5. Dari; durbar, from Old Persian duvara‑, door, gate.
6. Zero-grade form *dhur‑. thyroid; thyreophoran, from Greek thurā, door.

[Pokorny dhu̯ē̆r‑ 278.]

‌‌dlegh-
To engage oneself. European root found in Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, and possibly Latin.

1. 1. play, from Old English plegian, to exercise oneself, play;
   2. pledge; frankpledge, replevin, from Late Latin plevium (> Old French plevir, to pledge), pledge, guarantee;
   3. plight², from Old English pliht, danger, peril, from Germanic derivative noun *plehti‑. a-c from Germanic *plegan, probably altered (by dissimilation) from *tlegan.
2. Zero-grade form *dl̥gh‑. indulge, from Latin indulgēre, to indulge, explained by some as from prefixed and suffixed stative form *en-dl̥gh-ē‑ (*en‑, in; see en).

[Pokorny dhl̥gh‑ 271.]

‌‌dn̥ghū-
Tongue. Oldest form *dn̥g̑huh₂‑, becoming *dn̥g̑hū‑ in satem languages and *dn̥ghū‑ in centum languages.

1. 1. tongue, from Old English tunge, tongue;
   2. biltong, from Middle Dutch tonghe, tongue. Both a and b from Germanic *tungōn‑.
2. language, languet, ligula, ligule, lingo, lingua, linguine, linguist; bilingual, from Latin lingua (< Archaic Latin dingua), tongue, language.

[Pokorny dn̥g̑hū 223.]

‌‌dō-
To give. Oldest form *deh₃‑, colored to *doh₃‑, becoming *dō‑.
Derivatives include betray, surrender, vend, dose, and antidote.

1. 1. Zero-grade form *də‑. dado, date¹, dative, datum, die²; add, betray, edition, perdition, render, rent¹, surrender, tradition, traitor, treason, vend, from Latin dare, to give;
   2. Greek dosis, something given (see 4 below).
2. Suffixed form *dō-no‑. donation, donative, donor; condone, pardon, from Latin dōnum, gift.
3. Suffixed form *dō-t(i)‑.
   1. dot², dowager, dower, dowry; endow, from Latin dōs (genitive dōtis), dowry;
   2. dacha, from Russian dacha, gift, dacha, from Slavic *datja;
   3. samizdat, from Russian samizdat, samizdat, from dat', to give.
4. Suffixed form *dō-ro‑. lobster thermidor, Pandora, from Greek dōron, gift.
5. Reduplicated form *di-dō‑. dose; anecdote, antidote, apodosis, epidote, from Greek didonai, to give, with zero-grade noun dosis (< *də-ti‑), something given.

[Pokorny dō‑ 223.]

‌‌dus-
Bad, evil; mis- (used as a prefix). Derivative of deu-¹.

1. dys-, from Greek dus‑, bad.
2. Durga, from Sanskrit Durgā, Durga (short for durgā devī, goddess who is difficult to approach), from durgā, feminine of durga‑, difficult to approach, from dus‑ (becoming dur‑ before voiced consonants), bad, difficult (*-ga‑, going, coming; see g^wā-).

[Pokorny dus‑ 227.]

‌‌dwo-
Two.
Derivatives include twilight, biscuit, between, combine, diploma, and doubt.

1. Variant form *duwo.
   1. 1. two, from Old English twā̆, two (nominative feminine and neuter);
      2. twain; twayblade, from Old English twēgen, two (nominative and accusative masculine). Both a and b from Germanic *twa, two.
   2. twelfth, twelve, from Old English twelf, twelve, and twelfta, twelfth, from Germanic compound *twa-lif‑, "two left (over from ten)," twelve (*-lif‑, left; see leik^w-).
2. Adverbial form *dwis and combining form *dwi‑.
   1. 1. twilight, from Old English twi‑, two;
      2. zwieback, zwitterion, from Old High German zwi‑, twice. Both a and b from Germanic *twi‑.
   2. bi-¹, bis, bis-; balance, barouche, bezel, biscuit, bistort, from Latin bis (combining form bi‑), twice.
   3. di-¹, from Greek dis (combining form di‑), twice.
   4. twist, from Old English -twist, divided object, fork, rope, from Germanic *twis.
   5. twice, from Old English twige, twiga, twice, from Germanic *twiyes.
   6. twenty, from Old English twēntig, twenty, from Germanic compound *twēgentig, "twice ten" (*-tig, ten; see dekm̥).
   7. twine, from Old English twīn, double thread, from Germanic *twīhna, double thread, twisted thread.
   8. between, betwixt, twixt, from Old English betwēonum and betweox, betwix, between, from Germanic compounds *bi-twīhna and *bi-twisk, "at the middle point of two" (bi, at, by; see ambhi).
   9. twill, from Old English twilic, woven of double thread, from Germanic compound *twilic‑, "two-threaded fabric.".
   10. Suffixed form *dwis-no‑.
       1. twin, from Old English twinn, getwinn, two by two, twin, from Germanic *twisnaz, double;
       2. bi-¹, binal, binary; combine, pinochle, from Latin bīnī, two by two, two each.
   11. Suffixed form *dwi-ko‑. twig¹, from Old English twigge, a branch, from Germanic *twig(g)a, a fork.
   12. Compound *dwi-plo‑, twofold (*-plo‑,-fold; see pel-²). diplo-, diploe, diploid, diploma; anadiplosis, diplodocus, from Greek diploos, diplous, twofold.
   13. Suffixed reduplicated form *dwi-du-mo‑. didymium, didymous; epididymis, from Greek didumos, double, the testicles.
   14. Suffixed form *dwi-gha. dichasium, dicho-, from Greek dikha, in two.
   15. Dhivehi, from Sanskrit dvīpaḥ, island, from earlier *dvi-əp-o‑ "having water on two sides" (*ap‑, əp‑, water).
3. Inflected form *duwō.
   1. deuce¹, dozen, dual, duet, duo, duo-; duodecimal, duumvir, from Latin duo, two.
   2. duad, dyad; dodecagon, hendiadys, from Greek duo, duō, two.
4. Variant form *du‑.
   1. Compound *du-plo‑, twofold (*-plo‑,-fold; see pel-²). double, doublet, doubloon, duple, from Latin duplus, double.
   2. Compound *du-plek‑, twofold (*-plek‑,-fold; see plek-). duplex, duplicate, duplicity; conduplicate, from Latin duplex, double.
   3. Suffixed form *du-bhw-io‑. doubt, dubious; redoubtable, from Latin dubius, doubtful (< "hesitating between two alternatives"), and dubitāre, to be in doubt.
5. Also ultimately from this root, although the exact preform is unclear, is the Middle Indic prefix *du‑, two. dupatta.

[Pokorny du̯ō(u) 228.]

‌‌dyeu-
To shine (and in many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god"). Zero-grades *dyu‑ and *diw‑.
Derivatives include Tuesday, divine, jovial, Jupiter, diary, dismal, journey, and psychedelic.

1. Basic form *dyeu‑, Jove, the name of the god of the bright sky, head of the Indo-European pantheon.
   1. Jove, jovial; apojove, perijove, Sangiovese, from Latin Iovis, Jupiter, or Iov‑, stem of Iuppiter, Jupiter.
   2. July, from Latin Iūlius, "descended from Jupiter" (name of a Roman gens), from derivative *iou-il‑.
   3. Vocative compound *dyeu-pəter, "O father Jove" (*pəter‑, father; see pəter-). Jupiter, from Latin Iuppiter, Iūpiter, head of the Roman pantheon.
   4. Dione, Zeus; dianthus, Dioscuri, from Greek Zeus (genitive Dios), Zeus.
2. Noun *deiwos, god, formed by e-insertion to the zero-grade *diw‑ and suffixation of (accented) -o‑.
   1. 1. Tiu, Tuesday, from Old English Tīw (genitive Tīwes), god of war and sky;
      2. Tyr, from Old Norse Tȳr, sky god. Both a and b from Germanic *Tīwaz.
   2. deism, deity, joss; adieu, adios, deific, deus ex machina, from Latin deus, god.
   3. diva, divine, from Latin dīvus, divine, god.
   4. Dis, Dives, from Latin dīves, rich (< "fortunate, blessed, divine").
   5. Suffixed zero-grade form *diw-yo‑, heavenly. Diana, from Latin Diāna, moon goddess.
   6. deva, Devi; deodar, Devanagari, from Sanskrit devaḥ, god, and deva‑, divine.
   7. Asmodeus, from Avestan daēuua‑, spirit, demon.
3. Variant *dyē‑ (< *dyeə‑) dial, diary, diet², dismal, diurnal, journal, journey; adjourn, ajouré, circadian, meridian, postmeridian, quotidian, sojourn, from Latin diēs, day.
4. Variant *deiə‑. psychedelic, adelgid, from Greek dēlos (< *deyalos), clear.

[Pokorny 1. dei‑ 183.]

‌‌ed-
To eat; original meaning "to bite." Oldest form *h₁ed‑.

1. 1. eat, from Old English etan, to eat;
   2. etch, from Old High German ezzen, to feed on, eat;
   3. ort, from Middle Dutch eten, to eat;
   4. 1. fret¹, from Old English fretan, to devour;
      2. frass, from Old High German frezzan, to devour. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic compound *fra-etan, to eat up (*fra‑, completely; see per¹). a-d all from Germanic *etan.
2. edacious, edible, escarole, esculent, esurient; comedo, comestible, obese, from Latin edere, to eat.
3. prandial, from Latin compound prandium, lunch, probably from *prām-(e)d-yo‑, "first meal," *prām‑, first; see per¹.
4. Suffixed form *ed-un-o‑. jotun, from Old Norse jötunn, giant, jotun, from Germanic idunaz (perhaps < "immense eater" or "man-eating giant").
5. Suffixed form *ed-un-ā‑. anodyne, pleurodynia, from Greek odunē, pain (< "gnawing care").
6. Suffixed zero-grade form *əd-ti‑. alfalfa, from Old Iranian *-sti‑, food, in compound.*aspa-sti‑clover, alfalfa ("horse food") (*aspa‑, horse; see ekwo-).
7. Samoyed, from Russian -ed, eater.

[Pokorny ed‑ 287.]
See also derivative dent-.

‌‌eg
I. Nominative form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular. Oldest form *eg̑, becoming *eg in centum languages. (For oblique forms see me-¹).

1. I¹, from Old English ic, I, from Germanic *ek.
2. Extended form *egō. ego, egoist, egotism, from Latin ego, I.

[Pokorny eg̑‑ 291.]

‌‌eghs
Out. Oldest form *eg̑hs, becoming *eghs in centum languages.
Derivatives include strange, and extreme.

1. Variant *eks.
   1. ex¹, ex-; deus ex machina, from Latin ex, ex‑, out of, away from;
   2. ecto-, ex-, exo-, exoteric, exotic; ekpyrotic, electuary, lekvar, synecdoche, from Greek ex, ek, out of, from.
2. Suffixed (comparative) variant form *eks-tero‑.
   1. estrange, exterior, external, extra-, strange, from Latin exter, outward (feminine ablative exterā, extrā, on the outside);
   2. further suffixed (superlative) form *eks-t(e)r-ēmo‑. extreme, extremum, from Latin extrēmus, outermost (*-mo‑, superlative suffix).
3. Suffixed form *eghs-ko‑. eschatology, from Greek eskhatos, outermost, last.
4. Celtic *eks‑, out (of), in compound *eks-dī-sedo‑ (see sed-).
5. samizdat, from Russian iz, from, out of, from Balto-Slavic *iz.

[Pokorny eg̑hs 292.]

‌‌eg^wh-
To drink. Oldest form *h₁eg^wh‑.Suffixed lengthened-grade form *ēg^wh-r-yo‑.

1. inebriate, ryegrass, from Latin ēbrius, drunk;
2. Latin compound sōbrius (see s(w)e-).

[Not in Pokorny; compare Hittite ekuzi, he drinks, and Greek nēphein, to be sober (< "not drink," *ne-ēg^wh‑).]

‌‌ei-
To go. Oldest form *h₁ei‑, zero-grade *h₁i‑.
Derivatives include ambition, perish, sudden, transit, ion, initial, janitor, and January.

1. Full-grade form *ei‑.
   1. adit, ambient, ambition, circuit, coitus, comitia, exit, introit, issue, obituary, perish, praetor, preterite, sedition, subito, sudden, trance, transient, transit, transitive, from Latin īre, to go;
   2. ion; anion, cation, dysprosium, from Greek ienai, to go;
   3. Ramayana, from Sanskrit eti, he goes (< Indo-Iranian *ai-ti), and abstract noun ayanam, a going, way.
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *i-t‑.
   1. Further suffixed form *i-t-yo‑. commence, initial, initiate, from Latin initium, entrance, beginning (in‑, in; see en).
3. 1. count², county; concomitant, constable, viscount, from Latin comes (stem comit‑), companion (< "one who goes with another"; com‑, with; see kom).
4. Suffixed form *i-ter. errant, eyre, itinerant, itinerary, from Latin iter, journey.
5. Perhaps suffixed form *i-ti‑. Gastarbeiter, from Old High German arabeiti, labor, from Germanic *arbaithi‑ (see orbh-).
6. Extended form *yā‑ (< *h₁yah₂‑, colored from earlier *h₁yeh₂‑) in suffixed forms *yā-no‑, *yā-nu‑.
   1. janitor, January, Janus, from Latin iānus, archway, and Iānus, god of doors and of the beginning of a year;
   2. Hinayana, Mahayana, from Sanskrit yānam, way (in Buddhism, "mode of knowledge," "vehicle").

[Pokorny 1. ei‑ 293.]