Syntax

Return value

If used as a getter, returns the object's [[Prototype]].

Exceptions

TypeError

Thrown if attempting to set the prototype of a non-extensible object or an immutable prototype exotic object, such as Object.prototype or window.

Description

The __proto__ getter function exposes the value of the internal [[Prototype]] of an object. For objects created using an object literal (unless you use the prototype setter syntax), this value is Object.prototype. For objects created using array literals, this value is Array.prototype. For functions, this value is Function.prototype. You can read more about the prototype chain in Inheritance and the prototype chain.

The __proto__ setter allows the [[Prototype]] of an object to be mutated. The value provided must be an object or null. Providing any other value will do nothing.

Unlike Object.getPrototypeOf() and Object.setPrototypeOf(), which are always available on Object as static properties and always reflect the [[Prototype]] internal property, the __proto__ property doesn't always exist as a property on all objects, and as a result doesn't reflect [[Prototype]] reliably.

The __proto__ property is just an accessor property on Object.prototype consisting of a getter and setter function. A property access for __proto__ that eventually consults Object.prototype will find this property, but an access that does not consult Object.prototype will not. If some other __proto__ property is found before Object.prototype is consulted, that property will hide the one found on Object.prototype.

null-prototype objects don't inherit any property from Object.prototype, including the __proto__ accessor property, so if you try to read __proto__ on such an object, the value is always undefined regardless of the object's actual [[Prototype]], and any assignment to __proto__ would create a new property called __proto__ instead of setting the object's prototype. Furthermore, __proto__ can be redefined as an own property on any object instance through Object.defineProperty() without triggering the setter. In this case, __proto__ will no longer be an accessor for [[Prototype]]. Therefore, always prefer Object.getPrototypeOf() and Object.setPrototypeOf() for setting and getting the [[Prototype]] of an object.

Examples

Using __proto__

function Circle() {}
const shape = {};
const circle = new Circle();

// Set the object prototype.
// DEPRECATED. This is for example purposes only. DO NOT DO THIS in real code.
shape.__proto__ = circle;

// Get the object prototype
console.log(shape.__proto__ === Circle); // false

function ShapeA() {}
const ShapeB = {
  a() {
    console.log("aaa");
  },
};

ShapeA.prototype.__proto__ = ShapeB;
console.log(ShapeA.prototype.__proto__); // { a: [Function: a] }

const shapeA = new ShapeA();
shapeA.a(); // aaa
console.log(ShapeA.prototype === shapeA.__proto__); // true

function ShapeC() {}
const ShapeD = {
  a() {
    console.log("a");
  },
};

const shapeC = new ShapeC();
shapeC.__proto__ = ShapeD;
shapeC.a(); // a
console.log(ShapeC.prototype === shapeC.__proto__); // false

function Test() {}
Test.prototype.myName = function () {
  console.log("myName");
};

const test = new Test();
console.log(test.__proto__ === Test.prototype); // true
test.myName(); // myName

const obj = {};
obj.__proto__ = Test.prototype;
obj.myName(); // myName

Specifications

Browser compatibility

See also

• Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf()
• Object.getPrototypeOf()
• Object.setPrototypeOf()
• Prototype pollution attack