atomic package - sync/atomic - Go Packages
Package atomic provides low-level atomic memory primitives useful for implementing synchronization algorithms.
These functions require great care to be used correctly. Except for special, low-level applications, synchronization is better done with channels or the facilities of the sync package. Share memory by communicating; don't communicate by sharing memory.
The swap operation, implemented by the SwapT functions, is the atomic equivalent of:
old = *addr *addr = new return old
The compare-and-swap operation, implemented by the CompareAndSwapT functions, is the atomic equivalent of:
if *addr == old {
*addr = new
return true
}
return false
The add operation, implemented by the AddT functions, is the atomic equivalent of:
*addr += delta return *addr
The load and store operations, implemented by the LoadT and StoreT functions, are the atomic equivalents of "return *addr" and "*addr = val".
In the terminology of the Go memory model, if the effect of an atomic operation A is observed by atomic operation B, then A “synchronizes before” B. Additionally, all the atomic operations executed in a program behave as though executed in some sequentially consistent order. This definition provides the same semantics as C++'s sequentially consistent atomics and Java's volatile variables.
- func AddInt32(addr *int32, delta int32) (new int32)
- func AddInt64(addr *int64, delta int64) (new int64)
- func AddUint32(addr *uint32, delta uint32) (new uint32)
- func AddUint64(addr *uint64, delta uint64) (new uint64)
- func AddUintptr(addr *uintptr, delta uintptr) (new uintptr)
- func AndInt32(addr *int32, mask int32) (old int32)
- func AndInt64(addr *int64, mask int64) (old int64)
- func AndUint32(addr *uint32, mask uint32) (old uint32)
- func AndUint64(addr *uint64, mask uint64) (old uint64)
- func AndUintptr(addr *uintptr, mask uintptr) (old uintptr)
- func CompareAndSwapInt32(addr *int32, old, new int32) (swapped bool)
- func CompareAndSwapInt64(addr *int64, old, new int64) (swapped bool)
- func CompareAndSwapPointer(addr *unsafe.Pointer, old, new unsafe.Pointer) (swapped bool)
- func CompareAndSwapUint32(addr *uint32, old, new uint32) (swapped bool)
- func CompareAndSwapUint64(addr *uint64, old, new uint64) (swapped bool)
- func CompareAndSwapUintptr(addr *uintptr, old, new uintptr) (swapped bool)
- func LoadInt32(addr *int32) (val int32)
- func LoadInt64(addr *int64) (val int64)
- func LoadPointer(addr *unsafe.Pointer) (val unsafe.Pointer)
- func LoadUint32(addr *uint32) (val uint32)
- func LoadUint64(addr *uint64) (val uint64)
- func LoadUintptr(addr *uintptr) (val uintptr)
- func OrInt32(addr *int32, mask int32) (old int32)
- func OrInt64(addr *int64, mask int64) (old int64)
- func OrUint32(addr *uint32, mask uint32) (old uint32)
- func OrUint64(addr *uint64, mask uint64) (old uint64)
- func OrUintptr(addr *uintptr, mask uintptr) (old uintptr)
- func StoreInt32(addr *int32, val int32)
- func StoreInt64(addr *int64, val int64)
- func StorePointer(addr *unsafe.Pointer, val unsafe.Pointer)
- func StoreUint32(addr *uint32, val uint32)
- func StoreUint64(addr *uint64, val uint64)
- func StoreUintptr(addr *uintptr, val uintptr)
- func SwapInt32(addr *int32, new int32) (old int32)
- func SwapInt64(addr *int64, new int64) (old int64)
- func SwapPointer(addr *unsafe.Pointer, new unsafe.Pointer) (old unsafe.Pointer)
- func SwapUint32(addr *uint32, new uint32) (old uint32)
- func SwapUint64(addr *uint64, new uint64) (old uint64)
- func SwapUintptr(addr *uintptr, new uintptr) (old uintptr)
- type Bool
- type Int32
- type Int64
- type Pointer
- type Uint32
- func (x *Uint32) Add(delta uint32) (new uint32)
- func (x *Uint32) And(mask uint32) (old uint32)
- func (x *Uint32) CompareAndSwap(old, new uint32) (swapped bool)
- func (x *Uint32) Load() uint32
- func (x *Uint32) Or(mask uint32) (old uint32)
- func (x *Uint32) Store(val uint32)
- func (x *Uint32) Swap(new uint32) (old uint32)
- type Uint64
- func (x *Uint64) Add(delta uint64) (new uint64)
- func (x *Uint64) And(mask uint64) (old uint64)
- func (x *Uint64) CompareAndSwap(old, new uint64) (swapped bool)
- func (x *Uint64) Load() uint64
- func (x *Uint64) Or(mask uint64) (old uint64)
- func (x *Uint64) Store(val uint64)
- func (x *Uint64) Swap(new uint64) (old uint64)
- type Uintptr
- func (x *Uintptr) Add(delta uintptr) (new uintptr)
- func (x *Uintptr) And(mask uintptr) (old uintptr)
- func (x *Uintptr) CompareAndSwap(old, new uintptr) (swapped bool)
- func (x *Uintptr) Load() uintptr
- func (x *Uintptr) Or(mask uintptr) (old uintptr)
- func (x *Uintptr) Store(val uintptr)
- func (x *Uintptr) Swap(new uintptr) (old uintptr)
- type Value
- Bugs
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AddInt32 atomically adds delta to *addr and returns the new value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int32.Add instead.
AddInt64 atomically adds delta to *addr and returns the new value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int64.Add instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
AddUint32 atomically adds delta to *addr and returns the new value. To subtract a signed positive constant value c from x, do AddUint32(&x, ^uint32(c-1)). In particular, to decrement x, do AddUint32(&x, ^uint32(0)). Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint32.Add instead.
AddUint64 atomically adds delta to *addr and returns the new value. To subtract a signed positive constant value c from x, do AddUint64(&x, ^uint64(c-1)). In particular, to decrement x, do AddUint64(&x, ^uint64(0)). Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint64.Add instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
AddUintptr atomically adds delta to *addr and returns the new value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uintptr.Add instead.
func AndInt32 ¶ added in go1.23.0
AndInt32 atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int32.And instead.
func AndInt64 ¶ added in go1.23.0
AndInt64 atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int64.And instead.
func AndUint32 ¶ added in go1.23.0
AndUint32 atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint32.And instead.
func AndUint64 ¶ added in go1.23.0
AndUint64 atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint64.And instead.
func AndUintptr ¶ added in go1.23.0
AndUintptr atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uintptr.And instead.
func CompareAndSwapInt32 ¶
CompareAndSwapInt32 executes the compare-and-swap operation for an int32 value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int32.CompareAndSwap instead.
func CompareAndSwapInt64 ¶
CompareAndSwapInt64 executes the compare-and-swap operation for an int64 value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int64.CompareAndSwap instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
func CompareAndSwapPointer ¶
CompareAndSwapPointer executes the compare-and-swap operation for a unsafe.Pointer value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Pointer.CompareAndSwap instead.
func CompareAndSwapUint32 ¶
CompareAndSwapUint32 executes the compare-and-swap operation for a uint32 value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint32.CompareAndSwap instead.
func CompareAndSwapUint64 ¶
CompareAndSwapUint64 executes the compare-and-swap operation for a uint64 value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint64.CompareAndSwap instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
func CompareAndSwapUintptr ¶
CompareAndSwapUintptr executes the compare-and-swap operation for a uintptr value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uintptr.CompareAndSwap instead.
LoadInt32 atomically loads *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int32.Load instead.
LoadInt64 atomically loads *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int64.Load instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
LoadPointer atomically loads *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Pointer.Load instead.
LoadUint32 atomically loads *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint32.Load instead.
LoadUint64 atomically loads *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint64.Load instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
LoadUintptr atomically loads *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uintptr.Load instead.
OrInt32 atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int32.Or instead.
OrInt64 atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int64.Or instead.
OrUint32 atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint32.Or instead.
OrUint64 atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint64.Or instead.
OrUintptr atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on *addr using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uintptr.Or instead.
StoreInt32 atomically stores val into *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int32.Store instead.
StoreInt64 atomically stores val into *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int64.Store instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
StorePointer atomically stores val into *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Pointer.Store instead.
StoreUint32 atomically stores val into *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint32.Store instead.
StoreUint64 atomically stores val into *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint64.Store instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
StoreUintptr atomically stores val into *addr. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uintptr.Store instead.
SwapInt32 atomically stores new into *addr and returns the previous *addr value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int32.Swap instead.
SwapInt64 atomically stores new into *addr and returns the previous *addr value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Int64.Swap instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
SwapPointer atomically stores new into *addr and returns the previous *addr value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Pointer.Swap instead.
SwapUint32 atomically stores new into *addr and returns the previous *addr value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint32.Swap instead.
SwapUint64 atomically stores new into *addr and returns the previous *addr value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uint64.Swap instead (particularly if you target 32-bit platforms; see the bugs section).
SwapUintptr atomically stores new into *addr and returns the previous *addr value. Consider using the more ergonomic and less error-prone Uintptr.Swap instead.
A Bool is an atomic boolean value. The zero value is false.
Bool must not be copied after first use.
func (*Bool) CompareAndSwap ¶ added in go1.19
CompareAndSwap executes the compare-and-swap operation for the boolean value x.
Swap atomically stores new into x and returns the previous value.
An Int32 is an atomic int32. The zero value is zero.
Int32 must not be copied after first use.
Add atomically adds delta to x and returns the new value.
func (*Int32) And ¶ added in go1.23.0
And atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
func (*Int32) CompareAndSwap ¶ added in go1.19
CompareAndSwap executes the compare-and-swap operation for x.
Load atomically loads and returns the value stored in x.
Or atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
Store atomically stores val into x.
Swap atomically stores new into x and returns the previous value.
An Int64 is an atomic int64. The zero value is zero.
Int64 must not be copied after first use.
Add atomically adds delta to x and returns the new value.
func (*Int64) And ¶ added in go1.23.0
And atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
func (*Int64) CompareAndSwap ¶ added in go1.19
CompareAndSwap executes the compare-and-swap operation for x.
Load atomically loads and returns the value stored in x.
Or atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
Store atomically stores val into x.
Swap atomically stores new into x and returns the previous value.
type Pointer[T any] struct { }
A Pointer is an atomic pointer of type *T. The zero value is a nil *T.
Pointer must not be copied after first use.
func (*Pointer[T]) CompareAndSwap ¶ added in go1.19
CompareAndSwap executes the compare-and-swap operation for x.
func (x *Pointer[T]) Load() *T
Load atomically loads and returns the value stored in x.
func (x *Pointer[T]) Store(val *T)
Store atomically stores val into x.
func (x *Pointer[T]) Swap(new *T) (old *T)
Swap atomically stores new into x and returns the previous value.
A Uint32 is an atomic uint32. The zero value is zero.
Uint32 must not be copied after first use.
Add atomically adds delta to x and returns the new value.
func (*Uint32) And ¶ added in go1.23.0
And atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
func (*Uint32) CompareAndSwap ¶ added in go1.19
CompareAndSwap executes the compare-and-swap operation for x.
Load atomically loads and returns the value stored in x.
Or atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
Store atomically stores val into x.
Swap atomically stores new into x and returns the previous value.
A Uint64 is an atomic uint64. The zero value is zero.
Uint64 must not be copied after first use.
Add atomically adds delta to x and returns the new value.
func (*Uint64) And ¶ added in go1.23.0
And atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
func (*Uint64) CompareAndSwap ¶ added in go1.19
CompareAndSwap executes the compare-and-swap operation for x.
Load atomically loads and returns the value stored in x.
Or atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
Store atomically stores val into x.
Swap atomically stores new into x and returns the previous value.
A Uintptr is an atomic uintptr. The zero value is zero.
Uintptr must not be copied after first use.
Add atomically adds delta to x and returns the new value.
func (*Uintptr) And ¶ added in go1.23.0
And atomically performs a bitwise AND operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
func (*Uintptr) CompareAndSwap ¶ added in go1.19
CompareAndSwap executes the compare-and-swap operation for x.
Load atomically loads and returns the value stored in x.
Or atomically performs a bitwise OR operation on x using the bitmask provided as mask and returns the old value.
Store atomically stores val into x.
Swap atomically stores new into x and returns the previous value.
A Value provides an atomic load and store of a consistently typed value. The zero value for a Value returns nil from Value.Load. Once Value.Store has been called, a Value must not be copied.
A Value must not be copied after first use.
The following example shows how to use Value for periodic program config updates and propagation of the changes to worker goroutines.
package main
import (
"sync/atomic"
"time"
)
func loadConfig() map[string]string {
return make(map[string]string)
}
func requests() chan int {
return make(chan int)
}
func main() {
var config atomic.Value // holds current server configuration
// Create initial config value and store into config.
config.Store(loadConfig())
go func() {
// Reload config every 10 seconds
// and update config value with the new version.
for {
time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
config.Store(loadConfig())
}
}()
// Create worker goroutines that handle incoming requests
// using the latest config value.
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
go func() {
for r := range requests() {
c := config.Load()
// Handle request r using config c.
_, _ = r, c
}
}()
}
}
The following example shows how to maintain a scalable frequently read, but infrequently updated data structure using copy-on-write idiom.
package main
import (
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
)
func main() {
type Map map[string]string
var m atomic.Value
m.Store(make(Map))
var mu sync.Mutex // used only by writers
// read function can be used to read the data without further synchronization
read := func(key string) (val string) {
m1 := m.Load().(Map)
return m1[key]
}
// insert function can be used to update the data without further synchronization
insert := func(key, val string) {
mu.Lock() // synchronize with other potential writers
defer mu.Unlock()
m1 := m.Load().(Map) // load current value of the data structure
m2 := make(Map) // create a new value
for k, v := range m1 {
m2[k] = v // copy all data from the current object to the new one
}
m2[key] = val // do the update that we need
m.Store(m2) // atomically replace the current object with the new one
// At this point all new readers start working with the new version.
// The old version will be garbage collected once the existing readers
// (if any) are done with it.
}
_, _ = read, insert
}
func (*Value) CompareAndSwap ¶ added in go1.17
CompareAndSwap executes the compare-and-swap operation for the Value.
All calls to CompareAndSwap for a given Value must use values of the same concrete type. CompareAndSwap of an inconsistent type panics, as does CompareAndSwap(old, nil).
Load returns the value set by the most recent Store. It returns nil if there has been no call to Store for this Value.
Store sets the value of the Value v to val. All calls to Store for a given Value must use values of the same concrete type. Store of an inconsistent type panics, as does Store(nil).
On 386, the 64-bit functions use instructions unavailable before the Pentium MMX.
On non-Linux ARM, the 64-bit functions use instructions unavailable before the ARMv6k core.
On ARM, 386, and 32-bit MIPS, it is the caller's responsibility to arrange for 64-bit alignment of 64-bit words accessed atomically via the primitive atomic functions (types Int64 and Uint64 are automatically aligned). The first word in an allocated struct, array, or slice; in a global variable; or in a local variable (because on 32-bit architectures, the subject of 64-bit atomic operations will escape to the heap) can be relied upon to be 64-bit aligned.