7.3.1. String Module

import string

string.punctuation
# '!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~'

string.whitespace
# ' \t\n\r\x0b\x0c'

string.ascii_lowercase
# 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

string.ascii_uppercase
# 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'

string.ascii_letters
# 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'

string.digits
# '0123456789'

string.hexdigits
# '0123456789abcdefABCDEF'

string.octdigits
# '01234567'

string.printable
# '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~ \t\n\r\x0b\x0c'

7.3.3. Function definition

def print(*values, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False):
    """
    Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
    Optional keyword arguments:
    file:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
    sep:   string inserted between values, default a space.
    end:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.
    flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.
    """
    ...

7.3.4. Intuitive implementation

Intuitive implementation of print function:

def print(*values, sep=' ', end='\n', ...):
    return sep.join(values) + end

7.3.5. Printing multiple values

name = 'Alice'

print('Hello', name, '!')
# Hello Alice!

name = 'Alice'

print('Hello', name, '!', sep=';')
# Hello;Alice;!

7.3.6. String concatenation

  • + operator (with side effects)

  • str.join()

  • str.format()

  • f-string formatting (preferred)

7.3.7. + Operator

  • f-string formatting are preferred over str addition

  • How many str are in the memory?

name = 'Alice'

'Hello' + name
# 'Hello Alice'

+ Operator side effect:

name = 'Alice'
age = 30

'Hey ' + name + ' are you ' + str(age) + ' years old?'
# 'Hey Alice are you 30 years old?'

7.3.8. str.join()

data = ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol']

' '.join(data)              # 'Alice Bob Carol'
','.join(data)              # 'Alice,Bob,Carol'
', '.join(data)             # 'Alice, Bob, Carol'

7.3.9. Use Case - 1

>>>
... from time import sleep
...
...
... def progressbar(percent):
...     filled = '=' * percent
...     empty = ' ' * (100-percent)
...     clear = '\b' * 110
...     bar = f'{clear}{percent:4}% |{filled}{empty}|'
...     print(bar, end='')
...
...
... for i in range(0,101):
...     progressbar(i)
...     sleep(0.2)

7.3.10. Assignments

# FIXME: Write tests
# FIXME: Write solution

# %% About
# - Name: Powielanie napisów
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 8
# - Minutes: 5

# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% English
# 1. Given string: `text = 'Lorem Ipsum'`
# 2. Write three functions:
#    - `print_1(text)` using `range()`
#    - `print_2(text)` using `while` loop
#    - `print_3(text)` using string multiplication
# 3. Each function should print 5 copies of this string
# 4. Each string in a separate line
# 5. Write doctest for all functions
# 6. Run doctests - all must succeed

# %% Polish
# 1. Dany jest ciąg znaków: `text = 'Lorem Ipsum'`
# 2. Napisz trzy funkcje:
#    - `print_1(text)` wykorzystującą `range()`
#    - `print_2(text)` wykorzystującą pętlę `while`
#    - `print_3(text)` wykorzystującą mnożenie stringów
# 3. Każda funkcja ma wyświetlić 5 kopii tego ciągu znaków
# 4. Każdy ciąg znaków w osobnej linii
# 5. Napisz doctest do wszystkich funkcji
# 6. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

# %% Doctests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0

>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 9), \
'Python has an is invalid version; expected: `3.9` or newer.'
"""

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -f -v myfile.py`

# %% Imports

# %% Types

# %% Data

# %% Result
result = ...


# FIXME: Write tests
# FIXME: Write solution

# %% About
# - Name: Przeliczanie temperatury
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 8
# - Minutes: 13

# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% English
# 1. Write a program that will display a table of Celsius to Fahrenheit conversions in the range from -20 to +40 degrees Celsius (every 5 degrees).
# 2. The result must be as shown in the listing below
# 3. The sign must always be displayed
# 4. Pay attention to the text justification
# 5. Pay attention to filling the space not occupied by numbers
# 6. Run doctests - all must succeed

# %% Polish
# 1. Napisz program, który wyświetli tabelę przeliczeń stopni Celsjusza na stopnie Fahrenheita w zakresie od –20 do +40 stopni Celsjusza (co 5 stopni).
# 2. Wynik musi być taki jak na listingu poniżej
# 3. Znak ma być zawsze wyświetlany
# 4. Zwróć uwagę na wyjustowanie tekstu
# 5. Zwróć uwagę na wypełnienie miejsca niezajętego przez cyfry
# 6. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

# %% Hints
# - Fahrenheit to Celsius: (°F - 32) / 1.8 = °C
# - Celsius to Fahrenheit: (°C * 1.8) + 32 = °F

# %% Doctests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0

>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 9), \
'Python has an is invalid version; expected: `3.9` or newer.'

>>> result  # doctest: +SKIP
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | -     20°C | ....-4....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | -     15°C | ....+5....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | -     10°C | ...+14....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | -      5°C | ...+23....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | +      0°C | ...+32....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | +      5°C | ...+41....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | +     10°C | ...+50....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | +     15°C | ...+59....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | +     20°C | ...+68....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | +     25°C | ...+77....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | +     30°C | ...+86....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | +     35°C | ...+95....°F |
-------------------------------------------
| Temperature | +     40°C | ...+104...°F |
-------------------------------------------
"""

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -f -v myfile.py`

# %% Imports

# %% Types

# %% Data
def celsius_to_fahrenheit(degree):
    return degree*1.8 + 32

# %% Result
result = ...