No function described in [input.output] except for ios_base​::​imbue and basic_filebuf​::​pubimbue causes any instance of basic_ios​::​imbue or basic_streambuf​::​imbue to be called.

If any user function called from a function declared in [input.output] or as an overriding virtual function of any class declared in [input.output] calls imbue, the behavior is undefined.

using streamoff = implementation-defined;

The type streamoff is a synonym for one of the signed basic integral types of sufficient size to represent the maximum possible file size for the operating system.247

using streamsize = implementation-defined;

The type streamsize is a synonym for one of the signed basic integral types.

It is used to represent the number of characters transferred in an I/O operation, or the size of I/O buffers.248

The classes of [input.output] with template arguments charT and traits behave as described if traits​::​pos_type and traits​::​off_type are streampos and streamoff respectively.

Except as noted explicitly below, their behavior when traits​::​pos_type and traits​::​off_type are other types is implementation-defined.

[Note 1:

For each of the specializations of char_traits defined in [char.traits.specializations], state_type denotes mbstate_t, pos_type denotes fpos<mbstate_t>, and off_type denotes streamoff.

— end note]

In the classes of [input.output], a template parameter with name charT represents a member of the set of types containing char, wchar_t, and any other implementation-defined character container types ([defns.character.container]) that meet the requirements for a character on which any of the iostream components can be instantiated.

If one thread makes a library call a that writes a value to a stream and, as a result, another thread reads this value from the stream through a library call b such that this does not result in a data race, then a's write synchronizes with b's read.